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\hypersetup{pdftitle={The ‘Livelihood’ Challenge and Sustainable Agriculture: Evidence from Smallholder Cocoa Farming Households in Nigeria},pdfauthor={Oluwafunmiso Adeola Olajide, Ayodeji Ojo, Kehinde Adesina Thomas, Molatokunbo Seun Olutayo},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2020: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agro-ecological, livelihood, multi-level, policies, trajectories, value chain},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 9-11, 2020, virtual conference}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Food and nutrition security and its resilience\\ to global crises''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{The ‘Livelihood’ Challenge and Sustainable Agriculture: Evidence from Smallholder Cocoa Farming Households in Nigeria\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Oluwafunmiso Adeola Olajide, University of Ibadan, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Ibadan, Nigeria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{preciousfunso@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Oluwafunmiso Adeola Olajide$^{1}$, Ayodeji Ojo$^{1}$, Kehinde Adesina Thomas$^{2}$, Molatokunbo Seun Olutayo$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Ibadan, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Nigeria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Ibadan, Dept. of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Nigeria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Ibadan, Inst. of African Studies, Nigeria}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Olajide, Oluwafunmiso Adeola}
\index[author]{Ojo, Ayodeji}
\index[author]{Thomas, Kehinde Adesina}
\index[author]{Olutayo, Molatokunbo Seun}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Global trade includes commodities produced by smallholder farmers from countries, such as Sub-Saharan Africa; as such their ability to participate in agricultural value chains in a sustainable way is important. The complexities underlying farmers’ choice within the agri"=food systems are often neglected in debates on conventional or agro"=ecological agriculture. This study examined such complexities within the Agricultural Policy Research for Africa (APRA) consortium with a focus on Nigeria’s Cocoa Value Chain. The trajectories into the sector; current production practices and commercialisation models were examined using a mixed methods approach. A sequential exploratory design was adopted; data were collected through Key Person Interviews, Focus Group Discussions and observation; and surveys. The discussion themes included the development along the value chain; the survey included production, commercialisation, and livelihoods data. The communities were selected through a multistage sampling technique from Osun, Ogun and Ondo states; the respondents were selected through a random sampling procedure from these. The information was analysed using themes; problem tree analyses; descriptive and econometric tools. The results show that trajectories into the cocoa sector include inheritance, labour"=employment and marriage; these have several implications for land ownership, control and rights- such as tension between land owners and renters which is boosting illegal mining and logging. Access to land, labour and credit facilities are barriers to participation in the sector; current production practices include a similitude of organic and conventional approaches; farmers have ‘mixed’ economic trees for multiple streams of income and for social reasons; the commercialisation models show high dominance by produce buyers. The probit analysis shows that planting improved variety could improve the poverty status of farmers; while the tobit analysis shows an evidence of ‘over’ commercialisation. At the micro level, farmer’s decisions on resource allocation are driven by own goals- options that bring immediate ‘prosperity’ are favoured; the meso level shows existing rural land, labour and credit markets governed by economic and socio"=cultural factors; the macro level shows a major failure with respect to rural infrastructure, markets, land and mining policies. Policies that will ease these multi"=level complexities need to be implemented if the world would be fed.}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agro-ecological, livelihood, multi-level, policies, trajectories, value chain
\index[key]{Agro"=ecological}
\index[key]{Livelihood}
\index[key]{Multi"=level}
\index[key]{Policies}
\index[key]{Trajectories}
\index[key]{Value chain}
\end{document}
