\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Impact of Climate"=smart Technologies Adoption on Yield and Economic Return of Farming Household in Benin: A Case Study of Drought Tolerant Maize (DTM) Varieties},pdfauthor={Michel Tchègoun Atchikpa, Chérif Sidy Kane, Justice A. Tambo, Afouda Jacob Yabi, Tahirou Abdoulaye},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2020: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Adoption and Impact, Benin, climate-smart technologies, Drought tolerant maize (DTM), economic return, yield},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2020.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2020.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 9-11, 2020, virtual conference}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Food and nutrition security and its resilience\\ to global crises''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Impact of Climate"=smart Technologies Adoption on Yield and Economic Return of Farming Household in Benin: A Case Study of Drought Tolerant Maize (DTM) Varieties\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Michel Tchègoun Atchikpa, WASCAL (West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use), Climate Change and Economics (CCEcon), Dakar, Senegal, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{atchikpa.t@edu.wascal.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Michel Tchègoun Atchikpa$^{1}$, Chérif Sidy Kane$^{2}$, Justice A. Tambo$^{3}$, Afouda Jacob Yabi$^{4}$, Tahirou Abdoulaye$^{5}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$WASCAL (West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use), Climate Change and Economics (CCEcon), Senegal}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar (UCAD), Faculty of Economics and Management (FASEG), Senegal}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Center for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI), Delémont, Switzerland, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$University of Parakou, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Benin}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{5}$International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Socioeconomics, Nigeria}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Atchikpa, Michel Tchègoun}
\index[author]{Kane, Chérif Sidy}
\index[author]{Tambo, Justice A.}
\index[author]{Yabi, Afouda Jacob}
\index[author]{Abdoulaye, Tahirou}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Climate change is a major threat to agricultural production and food security in West Africa, especially in Benin, and climate"=smart agriculture through the diffusion some climate"=smart technologies like Drought Tolerant Maize (DTM) varieties packages is essential to cope with the potential impacts. This study examines the effectiveness of the funded extension research- development programme using mixed methods approach based on both qualitative (focus group discussions (FGDs) and in"=depth Interviews (IDIs) with various key stakeholders) and quantitative techniques. Country"=wide cross"=sectional data at farm level of about 518 maize farming households from 48 villages in Benin are used to assess the productivity and the economic performances impact of DTM varieties adoption. The evaluation focuses on whether adopters have increased their productivity and farm economic return. We used endogenous switching regression (ESR) model with two instrumentals variables to control self"=selection bias due to unobserved characteristics, such as the farmer’s socioeconomics or institutional characteristics, that may affect both adoption and targeted outcome variables (productivity and farm economic return). We used respectively net margin, return on labour, return on capital, cost"=benefit ratio and return on investment as farm economic return outcome indicators while maize quantity harvested as a productivity outcome indicator. Perception of the pocket of drought, awareness on the existence of DTM varieties, organisation membership, livestock ownership, access to credit, size of maize growing are the mains drivers of adoption. We have estimated the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) and the results have indicated that adoption of DTM varieties adoption significantly improved respectively net margin about \mbox{1.78\,\%}, return on labour about \mbox{7.01\,\%}, return on Capital about \mbox{128.72\,\%}, cost"=benefit ratio about \mbox{73.57\,\%} and Return on investment about \mbox{53.35\,\%}. Besides, we found no significant impact of Drought tolerant maize varieties adoption on yield. This study argues that the adoption of DTM varieties can help to earn a profit. }

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Adoption and Impact, Benin, climate"=smart technologies, Drought tolerant maize (DTM), economic return, yield
\index[key]{Adoption and Impact}
\index[key]{Benin}
\index[key]{Climate"=smart technologies}
\index[key]{Drought tolerant maize (DTM)}
\index[key]{Economic!return}
\index[key]{Yield}
\end{document}
