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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Uber for Tractors? Opportunities and Challenges of Digital Tools for Tractor Hire in India and Nigeria},pdfauthor={Thomas Daum, Roberto Villalba, Oluwakayode Anidi, Sharon Mayienga, Saurabh Gupta, Regina Birner},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2020: Abstract},pdfkeywords={ digital  agriculture,  ICT  applications,  smallholder  farming, agricultural  mechanisation, service markets, transaction costs},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 9-11, 2020, virtual conference}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Food and nutrition security and its resilience\\ to global crises''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Uber for Tractors? Opportunities and Challenges of Digital Tools for Tractor Hire in India and Nigeria\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Thomas Daum, University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Agric. Sci. in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), Stuttgart, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{thomas.daum@uni-hohenheim.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Thomas Daum$^{1}$, Roberto Villalba$^{2}$, Oluwakayode Anidi$^{3}$, Sharon Mayienga$^{3}$, Saurabh Gupta$^{4}$, Regina Birner$^{1}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Agric. Sci. in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Technical University of Munich, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Italy}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Indian Institute of Management, India}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Daum, Thomas}
\index[author]{Villalba, Roberto}
\index[author]{Anidi, Oluwakayode}
\index[author]{Mayienga, Sharon}
\index[author]{Gupta, Saurabh}
\index[author]{Birner, Regina}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Agricultural mechanisation can contribute to agricultural transformation. However, there is a need to find institutional solutions allowing smallholder farmers, who play a key role in agricultural development, to access tractors even though they cannot afford their own. Hire markets hold promise for this, but tractor owners are often reluctant to provide services to smallholder farmers because of high transaction costs. To address this problem, start"=ups and tractor manufacturers have developed ICT applications that aim to help smallholder farmers access tractors. This model has been coined Uber for tractors, suggesting strong similarities with the Uber service for ride hailing. Although receiving much advance praise, these models have not been rigorously analyzed. Studying Hello Tractor (Nigeria) and EM3 Agri-Services (India), this paper assesses how such models address the challenges of agricultural markets, which are characterised by spatial dispersion, the concentration of demand around peak seasons, and high transaction costs, among other problems. This paper explores the extent to which such models can help to improve tractor utilisation and access to services by smallholder farmers. The paper acknowledges the potential of ICT-based tractor hire but finds that many of the thornier challenges of agricultural markets â€“ which urban ride"=hailing markets do not face â€“ have yet to be addressed. The paper also finds that analog solutions such as booking agents and phone calls still trump digital ones and highlights the need for a supportive environment such as building (ICT) literacy. Last, the paper suggests that the advantages of ICT-based solutions over more traditional ways of organising service markets are more mixed than commonly assumed. In brief, while the Uberisation of mechanisation has appeal, such models are not the silver bullet they are often portrayed to be. More research is needed on how to make such ICT-based efforts work, and it is important not to neglect alternative solutions.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:}  digital  agriculture,  ICT  applications,  smallholder  farming, agricultural  mechanisation, service markets, transaction costs
\index[key]{ digital  agriculture}
\index[key]{ ICT  applications}
\index[key]{ smallholder  farming}
\index[key]{Agricultural! mechanization}
\index[key]{Service markets}
\index[key]{Transaction costs}
\end{document}
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