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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Sustainability Performance of Monoculture and Agroforestry Palm Oil Production Systems of Smallholders in Sarawak (Malaysia)},pdfauthor={Lukas Kliewe, Rainer Weisshaidinger, Lukas Baumgart, Alexander Follmann},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2020: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agro-forestry, palm oil, Sarawak/Malaysia, smallholder, SMART-Farm Tool, sustainability, sustainability assessment},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 9-11, 2020, virtual conference}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Food and nutrition security and its resilience\\ to global crises''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Sustainability Performance of Monoculture and Agroforestry Palm Oil Production Systems of Smallholders in Sarawak (Malaysia)\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Rainer Weisshaidinger, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Sustainabilty Assessment \& International Cooperation, Doblhoffgasse 7/10, 1010~Vienna, Austria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{rainer.weisshaidinger@fibl.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Lukas Kliewe$^{1}$, Rainer Weisshaidinger$^{2}$, Lukas Baumgart$^{3}$, Alexander Follmann$^{4}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Cologne, International Master of Environmental Sciences (IMES), }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Sustainabilty Assessment \& International Cooperation, Austria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) Switzerland, Socio-economic Sciences, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$University of Cologne, Institute of Geography, Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Kliewe, Lukas}
\index[author]{Weisshaidinger, Rainer}
\index[author]{Baumgart, Lukas}
\index[author]{Follmann, Alexander}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Palm oil is the world’s most important vegetable oil, and Malaysia and Indonesia dominate global export trade in crude palm oil with \mbox{85\,\%} of the world´s total. The oil palm’s incomparably high yield (3.5--4.0 tha\textsuperscript{-1}y\textsuperscript{-1}) and the multiple use in food products, soap and industrial purposes, including biofuels, make it a highly valuable commodity. Sustainability in the palm oil industry is debated with growing concern due to ecological and social trade"=offs, e.g. destruction of tropical forests, greenhouse gas emissions, land disputes and forced labour.




Using the SMART Farm Tool, we have comprehensively assessed the sustainability performance of 16 non"=certified palm oil smallholdings in Sarawak (Malaysia). SMART is an indicator"=based multi"=criteria tool measuring the 58 sustainability (subtheme-)goals defined in the FAO-SAFA framework. The farmers were selected according to a snowball approach in two regions (1\textsuperscript{st} and 4\textsuperscript{th} division). The dominant cultivation system of the oil palm farms studied is monoculture. However, two of the 16 farms – one in each region – practice agroforestry (AF), which is seen as a strategy to improve environmental sustainability in palm oil production. 




As for monoculture systems, the goal achievements per SAFA-goal show that sustainability performance is largely lacking, and usually ranges between \mbox{20\,\%} and \mbox{60\,\%} goal achievement. Good Governance and Social Well-Being are dimensions which in particular show low scores at all observed farms. One AF-farm performs equally in all dimensions compared to monocrop farms. This is due a relatively small proportion and a low diversity of the AF-system, as well as the use of mineral fertiliser and pesticides. In contrast, the second AF-farm, which does not use chemical inputs, performs better in all ecological and interestingly in most economic subthemes ranging from \mbox{60\,\%} to \mbox{89\,\%} and \mbox{23\,\%} to \mbox{97\,\%}. 




These findings underscore the need to improve the sustainability of mono"=cropping palm oil production not only to reduce ecological and social trade"=offs, but also to enhance the economic resilience of smallholders. Although controversially discussed in scientific literature, agroforestry appears to be a potentially more sustainable strategy, especially for smallholders, but that depends on the setting.



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agro"=forestry, palm oil, Sarawak/Malaysia, smallholder, SMART-Farm Tool, sustainability, sustainability assessment
\index[key]{Agro"=forestry}
\index[key]{Palm oil}
\index[key]{Sarawak/Malaysia}
\index[key]{Smallholder!}
\index[key]{SMART-Farm Tool (RRID:SCR\_018197)}
\index[key]{Sustainability}
\index[key]{Sustainability assessment}
\end{document}
