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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Antibacterial Activity of Phytogenics Against Bacteria in Poultry Litter Used in Agro Ecological Farming},pdfauthor={Matilda Ebimiere Weniafere, Ruth Tariebi S. Ofongo},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2020: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agro ecological farming, antibacterial activity, phytogenics , poultry litter},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 9-11, 2020, virtual conference}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Food and nutrition security and its resilience\\ to global crises''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Antibacterial Activity of Phytogenics Against Bacteria in Poultry Litter Used in Agro Ecological Farming\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Ruth Tariebi S. Ofongo, Niger Delta University, Dept. of Animal Science, Wilberforce Island, P.M.B. 071, Yenagoa, Nigeria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{tariruth@live.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Matilda Ebimiere Weniafere$^{1}$, Ruth Tariebi S. Ofongo$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Niger Delta University, Animal Science, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Niger Delta University, Dept. of Animal Science, Nigeria}}}
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\index[author]{Weniafere, Matilda Ebimiere}
\index[author]{Ofongo, Ruth Tariebi S.}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Poultry litter harbors profuse number of bacteria of which Escherichia coli, \textit{Clostridium perfringens}, Staphylococcus, \textit{Salmonella }Spp, and Campylobacter Spp are few examples. An effective technique used to add value to poultry litter used in organic agricultural production is composting. The use of poultry litter as organic fertiliser for vegetables and crops is a concern to consumers of products from such practice. It can also be used as feed for ruminant animals and in fish farming. In the light of these facts, this research was designed to determine the antibacterial effect of Vernonia amygdylina extract against \textit{Salmonella }Spp, Shigella and Escherichia coli isolated from poultry litter.  The extract was obtained by cold maceration of the air dried leafs of V. amygdylina. Four concentrations - \mbox{20\,\%}, \mbox{40\,\%}, \mbox{80\,\%} and \mbox{100\,\%} of the extract was utilised to study its antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method and respective zone of inhibition (ZOI) against each bacterium measured. Values recorded for ZOI were subjected to one"=way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Turkeys post hoc test and significant means ($p < 0.05$) were evaluated using Minitab v.17 software. 



The \mbox{20\,\%} concentration of the extract did not inhibit the growth of any of the bacteria tested. Increase in concentration of the extract resulted in increase in the ZOI recorded against each specific bacteriu\textit{m.~}\textit{Salmonella }Spp was significantly ($p < 0.05$) inhibited by the extract with a ZOI of 6.33$\pm$0.05 (\mbox{40\,\%}); 11.00$\pm$1.00 (\mbox{80\,\%}) and 13.00$\pm$1.00 (\mbox{100\,\%}). Values recorded against Shigella Spp and \textit{E.~coli} was significantly ($p < 0.05$) high at \mbox{100\,\%} concentration. Values recorded were 11.33$\pm$0.05 (Shigella Spp) and 11.67$\pm$1.15 (\textit{E.~coli}) respectively.



It is evident from the results obtained that the extract was effective against all three bacterium tested and can be used in composting poultry litter for use in agro ecological agriculture.



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agro ecological farming, antibacterial activity, phytogenics , poultry litter
\index[key]{Agro ecological farming}
\index[key]{Antibacterial activity}
\index[key]{Phytogenics }
\index[key]{Poultry litter}
\end{document}
