\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={High"=Andean Oat (\textit{Altoandina}) as Alternative for Colombia’s High"=Altitude Dairy Systems: An Economic Analysis},pdfauthor={Karen Enciso Valencia, Javier Castillo Sierra, Luis Fernando Campuzano Duque, Luis Orlando Albarracín Arias, Stefan Burkart},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2020: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Dairy system, forages, Monte-Carlo simulation, oat, silage, sustainability},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2020.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2020.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 9-11, 2020, virtual conference}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Food and nutrition security and its resilience\\ to global crises''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{High"=Andean Oat (\textit{Altoandina}) as Alternative for Colombia’s High"=Altitude Dairy Systems: An Economic Analysis\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Stefan Burkart, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Trop. Forages Program, Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{s.burkart@cgiar.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Karen Enciso Valencia$^{1}$, Javier Castillo Sierra$^{2}$, Luis Fernando Campuzano Duque$^{2}$, Luis Orlando Albarracín Arias$^{2}$, Stefan Burkart$^{1}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Tropical Forages, Colombia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$The Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation (AGROSAVIA), Colombia}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Enciso Valencia, Karen}
\index[author]{Castillo Sierra, Javier}
\index[author]{Campuzano Duque, Luis Fernando}
\index[author]{Albarracín Arias, Luis Orlando}
\index[author]{Burkart, Stefan}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In the Colombian high"=altitude tropics (2200--\mbox{3000\,m}.a.s.l.), Kikuyu grass (\textit{Cenchrus clandestinus}) is the main feed source for the dairy system. This grass species has good characteristics regarding adaptability and productivity, but is affected by frost, grass bugs (\textit{Collaria} sp.) and precipitation"=related production seasonality. Forage deficits might thus be a problem at several times in a year. As a strategy to maintain production stable, dairy farmers use commercial feed concentrates increasing their production costs. AGROSAVIA, as a response to this, started in 2005 with the evaluation and selection of new forage species for the Colombian high"=altitude tropics. The oat \textit{Avena sativa} AV25T was identified as promising alternative to supply the requirements of dry matter in times of deficit and released as cultivar in 2018 under the name \textit{Altoandina} (high-Andean oat). The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of \textit{Altoandina} in Colombia’s high"=altitude dairy systems. \textit{Altoandina} (Aa) was provided as silage in two different diets: 35\%Aa-\mbox{65\,\%} Kikuyu grass (yellow diet) and 65\%Aa-\mbox{35\,\%} Kikuyu grass (red diet). The diet for comparison was traditional grazing with \mbox{100\,\%} Kikuyu grass (blue diet). All diets were supplemented with \mbox{6\,kg} commercial feed concentrate, \mbox{0.5\,kg} cotton seeds and \mbox{0.5\,kg} Alfalfa flour per cow/day, respectively. To estimate economic indicators, we used a cashflow model and risk assessment under a Montecarlo simulation model. Including \textit{Altoandina} incremented productivity per hectare by \mbox{82.3\,\%} and \mbox{220\,\%} in the yellow and red diets, respectively. According to the results of our economic model, the yellow diet is the best alternative. Its average NPV was superior in $>$\mbox{80\,\%} and showed a lower variability. The indicators Value at Risk (VaR) and probability (NPV$<$0) show the yellow diet to have the lowest risk for economic loss under different yield/market scenarios. The yellow diet also has the lowest unit production costs and uncertainty of productive parameters. According to our findings, supplementation with Altoandina at \mbox{35\,\%}, i.e. during critical times, has high potential to improve efficiency and profitability. This information is key to the decision"=making process of dairy farmers on whether or not to adopt this technology.}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Dairy system, forages, Monte-Carlo simulation, oat, silage, sustainability
\index[key]{Dairy system}
\index[key]{Forages}
\index[key]{Monte-Carlo simulation}
\index[key]{Oat}
\index[key]{Silage}
\index[key]{Sustainability}
\end{document}
