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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Bacterial Species Associated with Milk Contamination in South Khartoum due to Bovine Mastitis and Antibiotic Investigation Against the Isolated Bacteria},pdfauthor={Altiyb Ahmed, Abdelrahman Saeed, Nasreen Musa},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2018: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Antibiotic, cattle, mastitis, S. aureus},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 17-19, 2018, Ghent}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Global food security and food safety:\\The role of universities''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Bacterial Species Associated with Milk Contamination in South Khartoum due to Bovine Mastitis and Antibiotic Investigation Against the Isolated Bacteria\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Nasreen Musa, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Prevenive Medicine and Veterinary Public Health, Shambat Street Khartoum North, 13314~Khartoum North, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{nasreenmusa@uofk.edu}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Altiyb Ahmed$^{1}$, Abdelrahman Saeed$^{2}$, Nasreen Musa$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Depatment of Pharmacology and Toxicolgy (MSc. student), }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Khartoum, Dept. of Phamacology and Toxicology, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Prevenive Medicine and Veterinary Public Health, Sudan}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Ahmed, Altiyb}
\index[author]{Saeed, Abdelrahman}
\index[author]{Musa, Nasreen}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The severe clinical mastitis , abnormalities of milk are easily observed and milk 



is discarded by the producer. Such milk normally would not enter the food chain. 



But when milk of cows with sub"=clinical mastitis , i.e . with no visible changes, is 



accidentally mixed into bulk milk, it enters food chain and can be dangerous to 



humans. Although pasteurisation is likely to destroy all human pathogens, there is 



concern when raw milk is consumed or when pasteurisation is incomplete or faulty.



 According to Gilmour and Harvey (1990) milk of infected animals is the main source of enterotoxigenic \textit{S.~aureus} of animal origin. For example certain 



\textit{S.~aureus} strains  produce heat"=resistant enterotoxins, which cause nausea, vomiting and abdominal  cramps when ingested by humans and are responsible for staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks (Kluytmans et al. 1997). 



The most important changes in milk are discolouration, presence of clots and large numbers of leukocyte, swelling, heat, pain and induration in the mammary gland in many cases.                           



Sixty milk samples were collected from mastitic cows from south of Khartoum state and identified using Gram's stain and biochemical tests. Biochemical reactions were done according to standard keys (Barrow and feltham, 2003)



 The percentages for different types of isolated bacteria were found to be: \textit{Staphylococcus~spp.} (\mbox{45\,\%}), Bacillus spp. (\mbox{22.5\,\%}), Enterobacter spp. (\mbox{14.5\,\%}), Acinobacter spp (\mbox{5\,\%}) and \textit{micrococcus spp }(\mbox{5\,\%}) and \textit{Pseudomonas~spp.} (\mbox{8\,\%}). \textit{Staphylococcus aureus} was the most prevalent among Staphylococci isolates (\mbox{45\,\%}), followed by Staphylococcus intermedius (\mbox{22\,\%}), Staphylococcus warneri (\mbox{11\,\%}), Staphylococcus hyicus(\mbox{11\,\%}), Staphylococcus chromogenes (\mbox{11\,\%}) and  Staphylococcus lentus  (\mbox{11\,\%}) Also Bacillus spp found were Bacillus alvei (\mbox{40\,\%}) Bacillus thermophilus (\mbox{20\,\%}), Bacillus coagulans (\mbox{20\,\%}) and Bacillus firmus (\mbox{20\,\%}). The isolated bacteria were highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Ifovluxtsen, Linezolid, Gentamicin and  were resistant against Cloxacillin, Cephalexin, followed by Tetracycline,  Lincomycin. Roxithromycin.



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Antibiotic, cattle, mastitis, \textit{S.~aureus}
\index[key]{Antibiotic}
\index[key]{Cattle}
\index[key]{Mastitis}
\index[key]{\textit{S.~aureus}}
\end{document}
