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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Micronutrient Adequacy in Diets Consumed by School Children from Farming Communities of Tanzania},pdfauthor={Victoria Gowele, Joyce Kinabo, Theresia Jumbe, Nyamizi Bundala, Laila Eleraky, Hadijah Mbwana, Constance Rybak, Stefan Sieber, Khamaldin Daud  Mutabazi, Wolfgang Stuetz},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2018: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Dietary intake, Iron, school children, Vitamin A, Zinc},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 17-19, 2018, Ghent}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Global food security and food safety:\\The role of universities''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Micronutrient Adequacy in Diets Consumed by School Children from Farming Communities of Tanzania\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Victoria Gowele, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Food Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{vgowele@yahoo.co.uk}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Victoria Gowele$^{1}$, Joyce Kinabo$^{1}$, Theresia Jumbe$^{1}$, Nyamizi Bundala$^{1}$, Laila Eleraky$^{2}$, Hadijah Mbwana$^{1}$, Constance Rybak$^{3}$, Stefan Sieber$^{3}$, Khamaldin Daud  Mutabazi$^{4}$, Wolfgang Stuetz$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Sokoine University of Agriculture, Food Techn. Nutrition and Consumer Sci., Tanzania}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Leibniz Centre for Agric. Landscape Res. (ZALF), Inst. of Socio-Economics, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Sokoine University of Agriculture, School of Agric. Economics \& Business Studies, Tanzania}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Gowele, Victoria}
\index[author]{Kinabo, Joyce}
\index[author]{Jumbe, Theresia}
\index[author]{Bundala, Nyamizi}
\index[author]{Eleraky, Laila}
\index[author]{Mbwana, Hadijah}
\index[author]{Rybak, Constance}
\index[author]{Sieber, Stefan}
\index[author]{Mutabazi, Khamaldin Daud }
\index[author]{Stuetz, Wolfgang}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\small{




School children are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies. Micronutrient deficiencies during this period may lead to retarded growth, poor cognitive development, anaemia and increased risk of infections. This study aimed to assess the adequacy of zinc, iron and vitamin A, in diets consumed by school children aged 5--10 years in Chamwino and Kilosa districts, Tanzania.







In a cross"=sectional study, 666 children aged 5--10 years were randomly recruited. Dietary assessment was conducted using a quantified 24 hours recall and a food frequency questionnaire. Nutri"=survey software was used for analysis of nutrient intake. Serum levels of zinc, iron and vitamin A were determined using enzyme"=linked immunosorbent assay and spectrophotometric methods. Household dietary diversity score (HDDS) was also derived. Data are presented as means (SD) and prevalences and compared using ANOVA, and chi"=squared test. 







The median caloric intake was 898 Kcal, \mbox{81\,\%} of the children in the study did not met the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) for energy. The median dietary intake of iron was 11.5\,mg\,day\textsuperscript{-1} and was inadequate for \mbox{26\,\%} of the children. The median dietary intake of zinc was 4.9\,mg\,day\textsuperscript{-1} with \mbox{95\,\%} of the children not meeting the RDI. The median dietary intake of vitamin A was 320 $\mu$gRE\,day\textsuperscript{-1} and was inadequate for over \mbox{62\,\%} of the children. The prevalence of anaemia, low vitamin A status and zinc deficiency among study children was \mbox{42.9\,\%}, \mbox{65.4\,\%} and \mbox{32.8\,\%} respectively. Iron deficiency prevalence was \mbox{27.8\,\%}. Anaemia, low vitamin A status and zinc deficiency, which may be partly linked to the poor dietary intake was prevalent among children in the study area. The overall mean HDDS was 4.8 $\pm$1.8. The least consumed food groups in both districts were eggs, milk products and meat/organ.











The consumed diets had limited diversification coupled with inadequate intake of iron, zinc and vitamin A, leading to poor micronutrient status. This study recommends consumption of pro vitamin A rich vegetables/fruits and animal based foods in order to improve children's micronutrient status in the study villages.







The financial support of Scale-N project by the German federal ministry of food and agriculture (BMEL) is highly acknowledged.



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Dietary intake, iron, school children, vitamin A, zinc
\index[key]{Dietary intake}
\index[key]{Iron}
\index[key]{School children}
\index[key]{Vitamin A}
\index[key]{Zinc}
\end{document}
