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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Applying \textit{in vitro} Gas Production Technique to Assess the Nutritive Value of \textit{Gmelina arborea} Leaves},pdfauthor={Oluwanike Abiola-Olagunju, Victor Akinwande, Adejoke Mako, Aderonke Mosuro, Haleemat Ayanwale},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2018: Abstract},pdfkeywords={ chemical composition, Gmelina arborea leaves, in vitro gas production, nutritive value},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 17-19, 2018, Ghent}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Global food security and food safety:\\The role of universities''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Applying \textit{in vitro} Gas Production Technique to Assess the Nutritive Value of \textit{Gmelina arborea} Leaves\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Oluwanike Abiola-Olagunju, Lead City University, Dept. of Microbiology, Toll Gate Area, Ibadan, Nigeria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{nikkymakky07@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Oluwanike Abiola-Olagunju$^{1}$, Victor Akinwande$^{2}$, Adejoke Mako$^{2}$, Aderonke Mosuro$^{1}$, Haleemat Ayanwale$^{1}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Lead City University, Dept. of Microbiology, Nigeria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Tai Solarin University of Education, Agricultural Science, Nigeria}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Abiola-Olagunju, Oluwanike}
\index[author]{Akinwande, Victor}
\index[author]{Mako, Adejoke}
\index[author]{Mosuro, Aderonke}
\index[author]{Ayanwale, Haleemat}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
\textit{
In vitro} gas fermentation method was used to evaluate the nutritive value of different forms of \textit{Gmelina arborea} leaves. Two experiments were conducted.  Experiment  1 involved the determination of  chemical composition of green, yellow and brown leaves.  In experiment 2 , the nutritive value of  green, yellow and brown leaves of \textit{Gmelina arborea} was assessed  by \textit{in~vitro} gas production technique for total gas production over a period of 24 hr  and to predict organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolisable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA). Methane volume (CH$_{4}^{}$) was measures after incubation at 24 hr. The \textit{in~vitro} gas production (IVGP) characteristics (insoluble degradable fraction (b), potential degradability (a+b), rate of degradation (c) and effective degradation (ED)) were also predicted.



Results revealed that the chemical composition of green, yellow and brown leaves varied significantly ($p < 0.05$). Dry matter ranged from 80.15 to \mbox{91.24\,\%} in green and brown leaf respectively. Same trend was observed for neutral detergent fibre, it ranged from 60.92 to \mbox{63.77\,\%}. The crude protein ranged from 24.84 to \mbox{26.44\,\%} in brown and green leaves respectively. The IVGP, ME, SCFA and methane production were not significant ($p > 0.05$), except  OMD. Same trend was observed for all the \textit{in~vitro} gas fermentation parameters with the green leaf recording the highest value, while the lowest values were obtained in the brown leaf. They ranged between 3.75 and 4.25 ml/200\,mg DM; 3.27 and 3.49\,MJ\,kg\textsuperscript{-1} DM; 0.10 and 0.94 $\mu$mol; 1.5 and 3.0 ml/200\,mg DM in brown and green leaf respectively. OMD  ranged significantly from 41.57 to \mbox{45.05\,\%} in yellow and green leaf respectively.  The a, b, a+b, c and ED also did not vary significantly. 



It can be concluded that \textit{Gmeilna arborea} leaf has potential in ruminant nutrition and any of the forms  can serve as  fodder in the tropics.
}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:}  chemical composition, \textit{Gmelina arborea} leaves, \textit{in~vitro} gas production, nutritive value
\index[key]{Chemical composition}
\index[key]{Gmelina arborea@\textit{Gmelina arborea} leaves}
\index[key]{In vitro@\textit{In~vitro} gas production}
\index[key]{Nutritive value}
\end{document}
