\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Participatory Needs and Opportunities Assessment as Springboard for Integrated Research and Extension Interventions},pdfauthor={Magdalena Wanawan, Virginia Tapat},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2018: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Integrated research and extension, needs , opportunities, participatory assessment },pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2018.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2018.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 17-19, 2018, Ghent}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Global food security and food safety:\\The role of universities''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Participatory Needs and Opportunities Assessment as Springboard for Integrated Research and Extension Interventions\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Magdalena Wanawan, Department of Agriculture- Regional Field Office, Cordillera Administrative Region, Research Division, Sto. Tomas Road, 2600~Baguio City, Philippines, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{magdalwan@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Magdalena Wanawan$^{1}$, Virginia Tapat$^{2}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Department of Agriculture- Regional Field Office, Cordillera Administrative Region, Research Division, Philippines}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Regional Field Office, Cordillera Administrative Region (DA-RFO, CAR), Field Operations Division, Philippines}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Wanawan, Magdalena}
\index[author]{Tapat, Virginia}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\small{
The Participatory  Needs and Opportunities Assessment (PNOA) is based on the recognition that the involvement of target beneficiaries as project partners even in the planning stage is a key factor in coming up with relevant interventions.   As part of the strategies of the Heirloom Rice Project,  the Department of Agriculture commissioned  four State Colleges and Universities (SCU's) to lead the PNOA in four targeted provinces. The SCU's were assisted   by  multi- disciplinary  researchers and extension experts from the International Rice Research Institute, PhilRice, Department of Agriculture and Local Government Units. The project sites were indigenous communities  that organically produce heirloom rice  in terraced paddies. The PNOA was implemented through focus group discussions in 12 selected villages using the transect map, seasonal calendar, hopes and fears and venn diagram as data gathering tools. Outputs  were presented in a plenary session for  collective validation. 



In each village site,  results of the PNOA include information on the communities'  natural resources and land use, commodities grown, existing infrastructure, health facilities, educational facilities, and service institutions.  Another output is a listing of agricultural activities  aligned along monthly climatic conditions and  occurrences of pests and diseases plotted  vis"=a-vis the  agricultural cycle. Common rice pests identified in all village sites  were golden apple snail, rats, stem borer and  rice birds. Ninety two percent declared  earthworms  as pest  because they burrow on terrace walls causing water seepage. Major problems include soil erosion causing abandonment of some rice fields,  inadequate irrigation during summer, expensive labour, low yields, production pests, lack of  customized farm equipment appropriate for rice terraces and scarce post"=harvest amenities. Low product price was encountered by  farmers who sell part of their produce.  Respondents also disclosed farming practices and  decided collectively on perceived needs and opportunities. 



Based on the PNOA results, the project team updated their integrated research and extension initiatives and provided  production, postharvest, capability building and market"=related support to the project sites from 2015--2017. From this experience,  PNOA is recommended as  basis in coming up with holistic research, extension and other essential interventions.}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Participatory assessment, rice pests identification
\index[key]{Integrated!research}
\index[key]{Integrated!extension}
\index[key]{Participatory!assessment}
\index[key]{Rice!pest identification}
\end{document}
