\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Enclosures Present Opportunities and Constraints for Forage Provision and Forage Sufficiency in East African Rangelands},pdfauthor={John Wairore, Gert Nyberg, Stephen Mureithi, Oliver Wasonga, Anja Linstädter},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2018: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Aboveground phytomass, forage sufficiency, Kenya, pastoral and agro-pastoral, rangeland enclosure, social-ecological systems (SESs)},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2018.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2018.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 17-19, 2018, Ghent}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Global food security and food safety:\\The role of universities''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Enclosures Present Opportunities and Constraints for Forage Provision and Forage Sufficiency in East African Rangelands\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} John Wairore, University of Cologne, Botanical Institute: Range Ecology and Management Group, Lessingstr. 55, 50825~Cologne, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{jwairore@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{John Wairore$^{1}$, Gert Nyberg$^{2}$, Stephen Mureithi$^{3}$, Oliver Wasonga$^{4}$, Anja Linstädter$^{5}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Cologne, Botanical Institute: Range Ecology and Management Group, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Sweden}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Nairobi, Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology (LARMAT), Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$University of Nairobi, Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{5}$University of Cologne, Range Ecology and Range Management, Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Wairore, John}
\index[author]{Nyberg, Gert}
\index[author]{Mureithi, Stephen}
\index[author]{Wasonga, Oliver}
\index[author]{Linstädter, Anja}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In African drylands, rangeland enclosures are a common restoration and intensification tool. It is well"=known that rangeland condition typically increases with enclosure age, and that this has positive effects on adopters' livelihoods. However, little is known how rangeland condition is modulated by individual enclosure management, and how enclosure adopters' socio"=economic embedding modulates forage sufficiency. We took a social"=ecological system perspective to understand how these ecological and socio"=economic outcomes of enclosure adoption are interrelated. In an enclosure"=dominated SES located in Kenya's West Pokot drylands, we assessed aboveground phytomass in 54 enclosures representing three age classes ($\leq$ 10 years, 11--20 years, $>$ 20 years) and three management types (grazing"=dominated, contractual grazing dominated, and cultivation dominated). Sampling was repeated in a dry and in a wet season, and was extended to adjacent communal rangeland. We also assessed enclosure adopters' perception of forage sufficiency, their strategies to manage forage surpluses and deficits, and their socio"=economic embedding. 



We found that peak aboveground phytomass varied with management type; it was highest in grazing"=dominated and lowest in contractual grazing dominated enclosures. Only \mbox{54\,\%} of farmers were self"=sufficient in forage resources. Their higher livelihood security was related to land"=use intensification, income diversification and a strong dependence on local resources. Hence, enclosure adoption triggered complex social"=ecological transformations and created novel feedbacks between nature and society. As a consequence, new social"=ecological arrangements emerged to manage forage surpluses and deficits at the community level. Our findings might help in understanding the implications of local pathways to sustainability via rangeland enclosures in African drylands. 



}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Aboveground phytomass, forage sufficiency, Kenya, pastoral and agro"=pastoral, rangeland enclosure, social"=ecological systems (SESs)
\index[key]{Aboveground phytomass}
\index[key]{Forage sufficiency}
\index[key]{Kenya}
\index[key]{Pastoral and agro"=pastoral}
\index[key]{Rangeland enclosure}
\index[key]{Social"=ecological systems (SESs)}
\end{document}
