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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Investigation of Various Antibiotics Against \textit{E.~Coli}, Klebsiella and \textit{Salmonella }Species Isolated from Cow Milk, Liver and Intestine},pdfauthor={Abdelrahman Saeed, Nasreen Musa},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2018: Abstract},pdfkeywords={E. coli, milk, Quinolon, Salmonella, Sudan },pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 17-19, 2018, Ghent}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Global food security and food safety:\\The role of universities''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Investigation of Various Antibiotics Against \textit{E.~Coli}, Klebsiella and \textit{Salmonella }Species Isolated from Cow Milk, Liver and Intestine\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Nasreen Musa, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Prevenive Medicine and Veterinary Public Health, Shambat Street Khartoum North, 13314~Khartoum North, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{nasreenmusa@uofk.edu}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Abdelrahman Saeed$^{1}$, Nasreen Musa$^{2}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Khartoum, Dept. of Phamacology and Toxicology, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Prevenive Medicine and Veterinary Public Health, Sudan}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Saeed, Abdelrahman}
\index[author]{Musa, Nasreen}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Samples were collected from milk, liver and intestine and also from reference cultures which were supplied by the department of microbiology, faculty of veterinary medicine, university of  Khartoum, Sudan.  Identification was done by using identification kits namely Quick GN ``Nissui'' and also by using  biochemical tests  as confirmatory tests. The bacterial species were found to be:Klebsiella pneumonaie, Escherichia coli and \textit{Salmonella }species.



Different groups of antibiotics (quinolones, macrolides, penicillin and cephalosporins) were chosen and used in this study. These antibiotics  included ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, amoxycillin, cephalexin and cephradine respectively. 



 Sensitivity tests were performed for all these organisms against various antibiotics with different concentrations using standard disk diffusion method. 



Ciprofloxacin was found to be the most effective drug against all the organisms tested even at a very low concentration (0.781 $\mu$g /ml) , all the Gram"=negative bacteria were found to be resistant to erythromycin.Quinolon group (Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin ) was found to be the most effective group against \textit{Salmonella }typhi 



All the strains of E-coli were found to be highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin at different concentrations ranging between 0.781$\mu$g - 50$\mu$g. Three strains of \textit{E.~coli} (\mbox{60\,\%}) were found to be sensitive to amoxycillin at concentration ranging between 6.25 $\mu$g---50 $\mu$g, but  two strains (\mbox{40\,\%}) remained resistant.



All the strains of  Klebsiella  were found  to  be  highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin and resistant to erythromycin and amoxycillin at concentration ranging  between  0.781$\mu$g ---50  $\mu$g/ml.



We observed that most of the strains of Klebsiellae were inhibited by cephradine or cephalexin at concentration ranging between 6.25 $\mu$g/ml---50 $\mu$g/ml.



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} \textit{E.~coli}, milk, Quinolon, Salmonella, Sudan 
\index[key]{\textit{E.~coli}}
\index[key]{Milk}
\index[key]{Quinolon}
\index[key]{Salmonella}
\index[key]{Sudan }
\end{document}
