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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Efficacy of \textit{Warburgia ugandensis} Extract and \textit{Trichoderma asperellum} as Fungicide Alternatives in Control of Early and Late Blight of Tomatoes (\textit{Solanum lycopersicum})},pdfauthor={Esther Kamau, Eric Mworia, John Maingi},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2018: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Alternaria solani, fungicide alternatives, inhibition, Phytophthora infestans, tomatoes, Trichoderma asperellum, Warburgia ugandensis},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 17-19, 2018, Ghent}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Global food security and food safety:\\The role of universities''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Efficacy of \textit{Warburgia ugandensis} Extract and \textit{Trichoderma asperellum} as Fungicide Alternatives in Control of Early and Late Blight of Tomatoes (\textit{Solanum lycopersicum})\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Esther Kamau, Meru University of Science and Technology, Agriculture,  P.O. Box 972-60200, Meru, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{es.waithira@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Esther Kamau$^{1}$, Eric Mworia$^{1}$, John Maingi$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Meru University of Science and Technology, Agriculture, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Kenyatta Universiy, Microbiology, Kenya}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Kamau, Esther}
\index[author]{Mworia, Eric}
\index[author]{Maingi, John}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Early blight caused by \textit{A. solani} and late blight caused by \textit{P.~infestans} are among the most destructive diseases in tomato production and are controlled using fungicides. The objective of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of \textit{Warburgia ugandensis} stem bark (SB) lyophilized crude extract and \textit{T. asperellum} alone or in combined treatments as alternative control to fungicides for early and late blight of tomatoes. \textit{W. ugandensis} is an indigenous medicinal tree of East Africa. Trichoderma species are free"=living fungi in most soils that induce plant pathogen resistance. \textit{In vitro} inhibition tests of the pathogens using potato dextrose medium and different concentrations of the extract were carried out using hole"=plate diffusion technique. Dual culture technique was used for \textit{T. asperellum}. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. Weekly foliar application of the effective single or combined concentrations of W. ugandensis and \textit{T. asperellum} were administered invivo. The positive control was treatment with Mancozeb. Three replicates were carried out invitro. The disease severity (DS) and the percentage severity index (PSI) were calculated. The height of the plants were measured and recorded. The data  was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and the differences among treatment means separated using Tukey's test ($p < 0.05$). Invitro, the MIC for \textit{W. ugandensis} extract was \unitfrac[0.00125]{g}{ml} for \textit{A. solani} and \unitfrac[0.0025]{g}{ml} for \textit{P.~infestans}. The extract concentration of \unitfrac[0.005]{g}{ml} inhibited linear growth of A. solani by 25.67 $\pm$0.33 and 15.00 $\pm$ 0.58. Dual culture inhibition on day 8 for \textit{A. solani} by \textit{T. asperellum} was \mbox{100\,\%} and \mbox{65.49\,\%} for \textit{P.~infestans}. Weekly alternative spraying with \textit{W. ugandensis} and \textit{T. asperellum} resulted in DS of \mbox{38.1\,\%} for \textit{A. solani} and plant height was \mbox{23.7\,cm} while in \textit{P.~infestans} DS was \mbox{42.2\,\%} and plant height was \mbox{22.8\,cm}. The positive control resulted in DS of \mbox{31.2\,\%} for \textit{A. solani }and plant height of \mbox{24.9\,cm} while in \textit{P.~infestans} DS was \mbox{34.8\,\%} and plant height was \mbox{24.0\,cm}. The results suggest that the combined use of \textit{W. ugandensis} extract and \textit{T. asperellum} is effective in control of blight in tomatoes. They are environment"=friendly and a better alternative for organic farming. }

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} \textit{Alternaria solani}, fungicide alternatives, inhibition, \textit{Phytophthora infestans}, tomatoes, \textit{Trichoderma asperellum}, \textit{Warburgia ugandensis}
\index[key]{Alternaria@\textit{Alternaria solani}}
\index[key]{Fungicide alternatives}
\index[key]{Inhibition}
\index[key]{Phytophthora infestans@\textit{Phytophthora infestans}}
\index[key]{Tomatoes}
\index[key]{Trichoderma asperellum@\textit{Trichoderma asperellum}}
\index[key]{Warburgia ugandensis@\textit{Warburgia ugandensis}}
\end{document}
