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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Dietary Diversity and Consumption of Foods from Different Food Groups among Small Holder Women Farmers in Kenya, Malawi and Uganda},pdfauthor={M. Gracia Glas, Lydiah Waswa, Anna Röhlig, Ernst-August Nuppenau, Michael Krawinkel, Irmgard Jordan},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2018: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Dietary diversity, food security, hidden hunger, nutrition},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 17-19, 2018, Ghent}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Global food security and food safety:\\The role of universities''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Dietary Diversity and Consumption of Foods from Different Food Groups among Small Holder Women Farmers in Kenya, Malawi and Uganda\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} M. Gracia Glas, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Cent. for Intern. Dev. and Environm. Res., Giessen, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{maria.g.glas@zeu.uni-giessen.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{M. Gracia Glas$^{1}$, Lydiah Waswa$^{2}$, Anna Röhlig$^{1}$, Ernst-August Nuppenau$^{3}$, Michael Krawinkel$^{4}$, Irmgard Jordan$^{1}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Cent. for Intern. Dev. and Environm. Res., Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Egerton University, Department of Human Nutrition, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Inst. of Agric. Policy and Market Res., Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Inst. of Nutritional Science, Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Glas, M. Gracia}
\index[author]{Waswa, Lydiah}
\index[author]{Röhlig, Anna}
\index[author]{Nuppenau, Ernst-August}
\index[author]{Krawinkel, Michael}
\index[author]{Jordan, Irmgard}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\small{
Inadequate dietary intake among women of reproductive age remains a challenge in some countries of sub-Saharan Africa. This study compared the dietary diversity and consumption of foods from different groups among women in three African countries.



Cross-sectional agriculture"=nutrition baseline surveys were conducted in Teso sub"=county\linebreak{}(Kenya), Kapchorwa District (Uganda) and Lilongwe District (Malawi) between May - November 2016, targeting 1263 farm households with children aged under five years. All three study regions relied on small holder maize farming. Semi"=structured questionnaires were used to assess demographic and socio"=economic characteristics. A Minimum Dietary Diversity Score for Women (MDD-W, max 10 groups) was calculated based on a 24h"=recall. Anthropometric measurements were taken to calculate body mass index (BMI).



Mean (SD) BMI was similar in all three countries (Kenya: 23\,kg\,m\textsuperscript{-2}\,$\pm$ 4; Malawi: 23\,kg\,m\textsuperscript{-2}\,$\pm$ 3; Uganda: 23\,kg\,m\textsuperscript{-2} $\pm$ 4). Mean number of food groups consumed differed significantly between the countries 4.2\,$\pm$ 1.2 (Kenya), 3.9\,$\pm$ 1.4 (Malawi), 4.3\,$\pm$ 1.2 (Uganda), (p $\leq$ 0.05).The proportion of women who achieved MDD-W in Uganda, Kenya and Malawi were \mbox{44.5\,\%}, \mbox{41.2\,\%} and \mbox{33.5\,\%}, respectively. ``Grains, white tubers and plantain'' was the most consumed food group (Kenya: 100\%; Malawi: 93\%; Uganda: \mbox{100\,\%}). There where great differences in the proportion of women who consumed foods from other food groups. While the least consumed food group in Kenya was nuts and seeds (\mbox{6\,\%}), eggs were least consumed by women in Uganda (\mbox{5\,\%}) and Malawi ($<$\mbox{1\,\%}). Only one in 10 women in Kenya (\mbox{11\,\%}) and Uganda (\mbox{9\,\%}) consumed vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables in contrast to \mbox{34\,\%} in Malawi.  Animal source food consumption was twice to three times higher in Kenya compared to Malawi and Uganda (Kenya: \mbox{64\,\%}, Malawi: \mbox{28\,\%}, Uganda: \mbox{21\,\%}).



The low proportion of women who achieved MDD-W indicates a high risk for micronutrient deficiencies in all three regions. Region specific agriculture and nutrition interventions are needed to improve the availability and consumption of the different non"=staple foods.



The study was funded by the BLE with support from the BMEL.}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Dietary diversity, food security, hidden hunger, nutrition
\index[key]{Dietary diversity}
\index[key]{Food!security}
\index[key]{Hidden hunger}
\index[key]{Nutrition}
\end{document}
