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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Grain Legume Cultivation and Children's Dietary Diversity in Smallholder Farming Households in Rural Ghana and Kenya},pdfauthor={Ilse de Jager, Abdul-Razak Abizari, Jacob C. Douma, Ken Giller, Inge D. Brouwer},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2018: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Children, dietary diversity, Ghana, Kenya, Legume production, SEM analysis},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 17-19, 2018, Ghent}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Global food security and food safety:\\The role of universities''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Grain Legume Cultivation and Children's Dietary Diversity in Smallholder Farming Households in Rural Ghana and Kenya\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Ilse de Jager, Wageningen University and Research, Dept. of Plant Sciences, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE~Wageningen, The Netherlands, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{dejager.ilse@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Ilse de Jager$^{1}$, Abdul-Razak Abizari$^{2}$, Jacob C. Douma$^{1}$, Ken Giller$^{1}$, Inge D. Brouwer$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Wageningen University and Research, Dept. of Plant Sciences, The Netherlands}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University for Development Studies, Dept. of Community Nutrition, Ghana}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Wageningen University and Research, Dept. of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, The Netherlands}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{de Jager, Ilse}
\index[author]{Abizari, Abdul-Razak}
\index[author]{Douma, Jacob C.}
\index[author]{Giller, Ken}
\index[author]{Brouwer, Inge D.}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Boosting smallholder food production can potentially improve children's nutrition in rural sub-Saharan Africa through a production"=own consumption pathway and an income"=food purchase pathway. Rigorously designed studies are needed to provide evidence for nutrition impact, but are often difficult to implement in agricultural projects. Within the framework of a large agricultural development project supporting legume production (N$_{2}$Africa), we studied the potential to improve children's dietary diversity by comparing N$_{2}$Africa and non-N$_{2}$Africa households in a cross"=sectional quasi"=experimental design, followed by structural equation modelling (SEM) and focus group discussions in rural Ghana and Kenya. Comparing N$_{2}$Africa and non-N$_{2}$Africa households, we found that participating in N$_{2}$Africa was not associated with improved dietary diversity of children. However, for soybean, SEM indicated a relatively good fit to the \textit{a posteriori} model in Kenya but not in Ghana, and in Kenya only the production"=own consumption pathway was fully supported, with no effect through the income"=food purchase pathway. Results are possibly related to differences in the food environment between the two countries, related to attribution of positive characteristics to soybean, the variety of local soybean"=based dishes, being a new crop or not, women's involvement in soybean cultivation, the presence of markets, and being treated as a food or cash crop. These findings confirm the importance of the food environment for translation of enhanced crop production into improved human nutrition. This study also shows that in a situation where rigorous study designs cannot be implemented, SEM is a useful option to analyse whether agriculture projects have the potential to improve nutrition.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Children, dietary diversity, Ghana, Kenya, legume production, SEM \linebreak{}analysis
\index[key]{Children}
\index[key]{Dietary diversity}
\index[key]{Ghana}
\index[key]{Kenya}
\index[key]{Legume production}
\index[key]{SEM analysis}
\end{document}
