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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Physiological and Yield Responses of Purple Coneflower to Nitrogen Sources at Different Levels of Irrigation},pdfauthor={Marziyeh Jalil Sheshbahreh, Mohsen Movahedi Dehnavi, Amin Salehi, Babak  Bahreininejad },pdfsubject={Tropentag 2018: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Antioxidant enzymes, Biological yield, Carotenoids, Drought stress, Soluble Proteins},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 17-19, 2018, Ghent}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Global food security and food safety:\\The role of universities''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Physiological and Yield Responses of Purple Coneflower to Nitrogen Sources at Different Levels of Irrigation\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Mohsen Movahedi Dehnavi, Yasouj University, Yasouj,iran, Agronomy and Plant Breeding, , \mbox{e-mail}: \email{movahhedi1354@mail.yu.ac.ir}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Marziyeh Jalil Sheshbahreh$^{1}$, Mohsen Movahedi Dehnavi$^{2}$, Amin Salehi$^{3}$, Babak  Bahreininejad $^{4}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Yasouj University, Yasouj,iran, Agronomy and Plant Breeding, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Yasouj University, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Isfahan Agricultural   and Natural  Resources Research and Education Center, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Jalil Sheshbahreh, Marziyeh}
\index[author]{Movahedi Dehnavi, Mohsen}
\index[author]{Salehi, Amin}
\index[author]{Bahreininejad , Babak }
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.)) is one of the most important medicinal plants in the world showing different biochemical reactions as affected by drought stress and nitrogen fertiliser sources. The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of nitrogen sources on soluble protein, enzyme activities, carotenoid content, greenness and biological yield of the E. purpurea under different levels of irrigation. The experiment was conducted in a research field in Iran during 2013--2015. Irrigation treatments were irrigation after  25, 50 and \mbox{75\,\%} soil water depletion, and nitrogen sources were including  no  nitrogen (N), nitroxin, \mbox{40\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$, \mbox{40\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ + nitroxin and \mbox{80\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$. Nitroxin  is a trade marck bio"=fertiliser including Azotobacter and Azospirillum. Interaction of year, Irrigation and nitrogen sources was significant on catalase, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities, so that The activity of catalase (11.9--\mbox{21.3\,m} mol gr$^{-1}$Fw min$^{-1}$), peroxidase (40.1--48.9 $\mu$mol gr$^{-1}$Fw min$^{-1}$) and polyphenoloxidase (0.79--\mbox{3.63\,m} mol gr$^{-1}$Fw min$^{-1}$) have increased in both years under drought stress conditions, however nitrogen sources, especially \mbox{40\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ + nitroxin, increased antioxidant enzymes activity compared to control. The lowest greenness (50.1--45.9) was achieved from no"=consumption of nitrogen in the irrigation after \mbox{75\,\%} water depletion. The results demonstrated the beneficial effects of nitrogen sources on physiological reactions, especially peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and carotenoids metabolism. It is concluded that irrigation of E. purpurea based on \mbox{50\,\%} water depletion and \mbox{80\,kg} nitrogen as well as combination of nitroxin and \mbox{40\,kg} nitrogen treatments should be an appropriate choice for two years.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Antioxidant enzymes, Biological yield, Carotenoids, Drought stress, Soluble Proteins
\index[key]{Antioxidant enzymes}
\index[key]{Biological yield}
\index[key]{Carotenoids}
\index[key]{Drought stress}
\index[key]{Soluble Proteins}
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