\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={A Farming Systems Analysis in Ethiopia's Wheat Belt: Challenges and Perspectives for more Sustainable Agricultural Systems},pdfauthor={Pierre Ellssel, Bernhard Freyer, Gerold Rahmann},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2018: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Crop rotations, Ethiopia, farming systems, food security, productivity, sustainability, wheat},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2018.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2018.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 17-19, 2018, Ghent}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Global food security and food safety:\\The role of universities''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{A Farming Systems Analysis in Ethiopia's Wheat Belt: Challenges and Perspectives for more Sustainable Agricultural Systems\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Pierre Ellssel, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Dept. of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180~Vienna, Austria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{pierree@web.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Pierre Ellssel$^{1}$, Bern\-hard Fre\-yer$^{1}$, Gerold Rahmann$^{2}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Dept. of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Austria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Thuenen-Institute of Organic Farming, Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Ellssel, Pierre}
\index[author]{Fre\-yer, Bern\-hard}
\index[author]{Rahmann, Gerold}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Ethiopia is challenged to increase food security, reduce poverty and environmental degradation. About \mbox{54\,\%} of the total wheat is produced in Ethiopia's wheat belt, mostly by smallholder farmers (SHF).  Increased mono"=cropping results in surging weed, wheat rust and insect damages. The aim is to enhance the understanding of SHF-systems in the region and to identify challenges/perspectives for more sustainable agricultural systems.



In total 593 randomly sampled smallholder farms were analysed using descriptive and statistical analysis. A focus group discussion and literature review served to clarify and complement these data.



The results display following averages: farm size \mbox{1.7\,ha}, 6.3 household members, wheat yield 2.27\,{t}\,{ha}\textsuperscript{-1}, 1.3 t for own use. Most farms are mixed with \mbox{90\,\%} of farmers owning one ox or more. An increasing number of oxen positively correlates with increasing yield as it probably allows for timelier field operations. Best yield results are achieved by farmers that (partly) use tractor ploughing. About \mbox{60\,\%} of farmers mention insects, wheat rust and other pests and diseases as their main challenge in wheat production followed by a ``shortage of inputs'' and ``lack of rainfall''. \mbox{74\,\%} apply herbicides and \mbox{85\,\%} fungicides/insecticides in wheat. Soil fertility problems was only mentioned by two farmers, though this issue might aggravate in time as soil erosion and insufficient organic matter management due to non"=return of dung, stubble grazing, and deficient crop rotation management are widespread. Farmers with regular crop rotation (always changing crop and $\leq$\mbox{25\,\%} of wheat) showed \mbox{28\,\%} higher yields compared to farmers with some crop rotation ($\geq$\mbox{50\,\%} of wheat). \mbox{38\,\%} of farmers apply regular, \mbox{56\,\%} some and \mbox{6\,\%} no rotation. In average farmers dedicated \mbox{58\,\%} of land to wheat, \mbox{15\,\%} to malt barley and \mbox{9\,\%} to faba beans. The less land farmers have, the more wheat they grow. Shrinking farm sizes, agronomic and market challenges -- among others -- for (legume-) crops such as faba bean appear to hinder increased percentages of legumes in the crop rotation. Crop rotations in general indicate negative humus balances, high weed pressure and high risk of soil borne diseases and thus partly explain the relative low yield performance.



}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Crop rotations, Ethiopia, farming systems, food security, productivity, sustainability, wheat
\index[key]{Crop!rotations}
\index[key]{Ethiopia}
\index[key]{Farming systems}
\index[key]{Food!security}
\index[key]{Productivity}
\index[key]{Sustainability}
\index[key]{Wheat}
\end{document}
