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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Investigation of some Agronomic Traits of Spinach with Application of Biological and Organic Fertilisers},pdfauthor={Elham Azizi, Sara Bakhshaei, Ghorban-Ali Asadi},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Dry weight, nitroxin, vermicompost, weeds density},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\begin{document}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Investigation of some Agronomic Traits of Spinach with Application of Biological and Organic Fertilisers\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Elham Azizi, Payame Noor University, Department of Agronomy, Mashhad, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{azizi40760@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Elham Azizi$^{1}$, Sara Bakhshaei$^{2}$, Ghorban-Ali Asadi$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Payame Noor University, Department of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Department of Agronomy, }}}
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\index[author]{Azizi, Elham}
\index[author]{Bakhshaei, Sara}
\index[author]{Asadi, Ghorban-Ali}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In the production of grain crops and vegetables to achieve higher yield, chemical fertilisers are used. However, in the past decades due to the use of chemical fertilisers, various environmental effects such as water and soil pollution and the health problems in humans and other living things have been created. Sustainable agricultural policy and sustainable development of agriculture caused that organic fertilisers are used instead of chemical fertilisers. In order to investigate some agronomic traits of spinach with application of biological and organic fertilisers, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomised complete block design with three replications at the agricultural research station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2013.  Treatments were 4 levels of vermicompost  (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton.ha$^{-1}$) and 3 levels of nitroxin (0, 2.5 and 5 lit.ha$^{-1}$). The results indicated that the different levels of vermicompost and nitroxin affected fresh and dry weight of spinach, significantly. With increasing the amount of vermicompost, fresh and dry weight of spinach showed the upward trend, so that the highest and lowest values of these traits was obtained in 15 and 0 ton.ha$^{-1}$ vermicompost, respectively. Also, with increasing the amount of vermicompost, dry weight and density of weeds decreased, significantly. By increasing the amount of nitroxin biofertiliser to 5 lit.ha$^{-1}$, fresh and dry weight of spinach and weed density increased but weed dry weight decreased, significantly. In general, the highest fresh and dry weight of spinach was observed in 15 ton.ha$^{-1}$ vermicompost and 5 lit.ha$^{-1}$ nitroxin treatment. Also, the highest and lowest values of both dry weight and density of weeds was obtained in control and treatment of 10 ton. ha$^{-1}$ vermicompost and lack of nitroxin, respectively.    }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Dry weight, nitroxin, vermicompost, weeds density
\index[key]{Dry weight}
\index[key]{Nitroxin}
\index[key]{Vermicompost}
\index[key]{Weeds density}
\end{document}
