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\hypersetup{pdftitle={A New Look at the Nature of Sustainable Agricultural Inputs and Resources: Introduction of New Environmental"=friendly Methods},pdfauthor={Behnam Kamkar, Mina Farajzadeh},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agroecosystems sustainability, environmental friendly techniques, resource optimisation},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{A New Look at the Nature of Sustainable Agricultural Inputs and Resources: Introduction of New Environmental"=friendly Methods\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Behnam Kamkar, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Dept. of Agronomy, Basij Square, Gorgan, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{bkamkar@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Behnam Kamkar$^{1}$, Mina Farajzadeh$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Iran}}}
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\index[author]{Kamkar, Behnam}
\index[author]{Farajzadeh, Mina}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Agroecosystems are faced by some general problems including dependence to resources, dominance on the nature, extra"=exploitation of resources (utilarism principle), specialisation (tending to special varieties), and centralisation of resources and machinery. All of these, especially dependence, dominance and utilarism are related to those resources which are involved in agroecosystems production. Base on the new viewpoints, new strategy for production is base on optimisation of resources, not maximising the utilisation of resources. This is simple in definition, but complicated in practice. Yield quantity is strictly dependent on some resources especially nitrogen fertiliser. According to the new look, inputs cannot be eliminated, but it should be replaced with new resources. Therefore, to achieve sustainability in respect to resources, two strategies could be followed: optimisation of the inputs consumption and replacing current resources with alternative one. Important note is that selecting the best method is site- and time"=specific and we cannot consider just a protocol for all agroecosystems. The best way to detect the method is agroecological zoning (AEZ) base on all climatic, edaphic and topographic parameters. Nowadays, to move toward a sustainable agriculture we should think about shifting from external inputs to internal inputs, from fields to farms, from a one"=way production line to a recycle"=based production system, and finally integrated management systems with more compliance with nature. AEZ can be a helpful method to select the best ways to manage the resources in agroecosystems. In this presentation new methods such as farmescaping, isolated islands, slow"=release fertilising an etc will be discussed.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agroecosystems sustainability, environmental friendly techniques, resource optimisation
\index[key]{Agroecosystems sustainability}
\index[key]{Environmental!friendly techniques}
\index[key]{Resource!optimization}
\end{document}
