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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Comparative in Vitro Efficiency of Supplementary Bee Propolis and \textit{Moringa Oleifera} in Enhancing Ruminal Nutrient Degradation and Mitigating Methane Formation},pdfauthor={Yosra Soltan, Amr Salah Morsy, Nesreen Hashem, Kheir El-Din El-Azrak, Adel Nour El-Din, Sobhy M.A. Sallam},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Monensin propolis, Moringa oleifera , natural additives, ruminal fermentation},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Comparative in Vitro Efficiency of Supplementary Bee Propolis and \textit{Moringa Oleifera} in Enhancing Ruminal Nutrient Degradation and Mitigating Methane Formation\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Yosra Soltan, Alexandria University, Facutlt of Agriculture, Dept. of Animal Production, Elshatby Aflaton St., Alexandria, Egypt, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{uosra_eng@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Yosra Soltan$^{1}$, Amr Salah Morsy$^{2}$, Nesreen Hashem$^{3}$, Kheir El-Din El-Azrak$^{4}$, Adel Nour El-Din$^{5}$, Sobhy M.A. Sallam$^{6}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Alexandria University, Facutlt of Agriculture, Dept. of Animal Production, Egypt}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, Livestock Research Department, Egypt}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, Animal Production Department, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, Animal production Department, Egypt}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{5}$Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, Animal production Department, Egypt}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{6}$University of Alexandria, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Animal Production, Egypt}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Soltan, Yosra}
\index[author]{Morsy, Amr Salah}
\index[author]{Hashem, Nesreen}
\index[author]{El-Azrak, Kheir El-Din}
\index[author]{Nour El-Din, Adel}
\index[author]{Sallam, Sobhy M.A.}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The antimethanogenic activity and ruminal nutrient degradation of the ethanolic extracts of \textit{moringa }(\textit{Moringa oleifera}) leaves and bee propolis as natural additives to ruminant diets were evaluated compared to ionophore antibiotic monensin. The extracts were characterised by different individual active compounds and were incubated with 0 (negative control), 50 (low) and 500 (high) mg per 500 mg of dietary dry matter by buffered rumen fluid,  monensin was incubated as (\unitfrac[40]{mg}{kg} DM). A semi"=automatic \textit{in~vitro} gas production (GP) system was conducted with four batches of rumen fluid in four replicates per batch for each treatment. The major compounds of \textit{moringa }extract were branched chain amino acids which represented 0.14 of the total (L-valine, L-vlanine, L-leucine and L-isoleucine), glucosinolates (0.07) and butanedioic acid (0.05) and 3-caffeoylquinic acid was 0.02. Other amino acids like L-threonine (0.021) were detected also. Isoflavonoids [(mainly 3-hydroxymethyl$^{-1}$-phenyl$^{-1}$-heptadecyn (0.13), flavone (0.10) and 4-quinolinamine, 3-diphenyl$^{-2}$-phenylmethyl (0.11)] and saturated fatty acids (hexadecanoic acid and palmitic acid) made up 0.53 of the propolis extract. All the experimental extracts did not affected ($p > 0.05$) the values of GP, ammonia, dry matter degradability and truly degraded organic matter, while compared with the negative control, the most efficient treatments to depress ($p < 0.05$) methane (CH$_{4}^{}$) were monensin and the high level of \textit{moringa }extract, where their proportional of CH$_{4}^{}$ reduction was18.1 and \mbox{15.5\,\%} respectively compared with the negative control. Monensin decreased ($p < 0.05$) the protozoal count compared with both low levels of \textit{moringa }and propolis, while such effect did not appeared at their higher levels. The potential antimethanogenic activity of \textit{moringa }extract without compromising the ruminal degradability suggested the efficiency of \textit{moringa }extract as feed additive for ruminant diets.}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Monensin propolis, \textit{Moringa oleifera} , natural additives, ruminal fermentation
\index[key]{Monensin propolis}
\index[key]{Moringa oleifera@\textit{Moringa oleifera} }
\index[key]{Natural!additives}
\index[key]{Ruminal fermentation}
\end{document}
