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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Gender Differences on Access, Roles and Perspectives in the Upper East Region of Ghana},pdfauthor={Michael Mensah, Grace Villamor, Paul L. G. Vlek},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Equity, gender equality, land, patrilineal, perspective},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Gender Differences on Access, Roles and Perspectives in the Upper East Region of Ghana\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Michael Mensah, University of Bonn, Centre for Development Research (ZEF), Walter-Flex-Str., 53113~Bonn, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{jeffersonmens@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Michael Mensah$^{1}$, Grace Villamor$^{2}$, Paul L. G. Vlek$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Bonn, Centre for Development Research (ZEF), Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Bonn, Centre for Development Research (ZEF), Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Mensah, Michael}
\index[author]{Villamor, Grace}
\index[author]{Vlek, Paul L. G.}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Studies show that gender"=equality and equity in ownership and/or access to land resources is important in increasing agricultural and food security. Generally, gender roles are becoming more flexible with more women engaging in agricultural production. There is no clear understanding of how the shifts in women engagement in agriculture influence gender"=specific roles. This research sought to investigate the perspectives of male and female headed households in farming and associated marketing activities and how land access influence food production. In a patrilineal society in Upper east region of Ghana where the role of women was traditionally considered as reproductive, 300 household surveys were carried out. The survey focused on different productive, reproductive and community roles. The Harvard analytical (gender roles framework) framework was used to address gender roles regarding ``who does what''. The data were analysed using simple Fisher`s exact test by employing STATA 13 statistical to determine if there was any correlation between gender and agreement or disagreement with significant results indicating a `distinct' opinion. The results indicate that women's perspective on planting, fertiliser application and harvesting crops is consistent with the perceived roles of men as identified by the Fisher exact test.  There was a clear disagreement between men and women on reproductive roles such as clearing land, pesticide application, producing seedlings and maintaining farm records. Land use pattern is rapidly changing with more female households allocating higher percentage of their land (\mbox{32.5\,\%}, and 35. \mbox{3\,\%}) to the cultivation of traditional cereals and traditional cereal legume combination for home consumption whereas males prefer the cultivation of cash crops to supplement their household income. These results show some level of empowerment of women which is a tool for gender"=equity and involvement in decision making. The research will help address policy decisions on natural resource management from a gender perspective.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Equity, gender equality, land, patrilineal, perspective
\index[key]{Equity}
\index[key]{Gender equality}
\index[key]{Land}
\index[key]{Patrilineal}
\index[key]{Perspective}
\end{document}
