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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effect of Using Spineless Cactus in Growing Shami Camel's Diet on Productive Parameters and Economic Efficiency},pdfauthor={Muhannad Muna, Abdu Allah Nouh, Osman Kahel},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Economic efficiency., feed intake, key words: Shami camel, Opuntia Ficus Indica, total weight gain},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Effect of Using Spineless Cactus in Growing Shami Camel's Diet on Productive Parameters and Economic Efficiency\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Muhannad Muna, General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research, Animal Wealth Research Administration, Damascus, Syria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{muhannadmuna@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Muhannad Muna$^{1}$, Abdu Allah Nouh$^{2}$, Osman Kahel$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research, Animal Wealth Research Administration, Syria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research, Animal Wealth Research Administration, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research, Animal Wealth Research Administration, }}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Muna, Muhannad}
\index[author]{Nouh, Abdu Allah}
\index[author]{Kahel, Osman}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
This study was carried out at Shami Camel Research Station, Damascus, Syria in 2011. Sixteen growing camels ( 8 males and 8 females) homogenous in terms of age (428.6$\pm$20.31 day) and weight (197.9$\pm$\mbox{21.7\,kg}) were selected to determine the effect of replacement a part of diet by \textit{Opuntia Ficus-Indica} on some productive parameters. The camels were randomly divided into two groups (in each 4 males and 4 females). All housing and management conditions were similar for all animals throughout experiment period (98 days). The first group T (control) was fed on concentrate (Barley, cotton seed meal, wheat bran and feed additive) and cottonseed shells (\mbox{60\,\%} concentrate and \mbox{40\,\%} shells on DM basis). In the experimental group T1 the feedstuff was (\mbox{54\,\%} concentrate, \mbox{35\,\%} shells, \mbox{11\,\%} \textit{Opuntia Ficus Indica} on DM basis). Diets were offered in individual troughs twice daily. Two diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The results showed significant differences in total weight gain TWG ($p < 0.05$), 62.4$\pm$11.1 vs 75.62$\pm$\mbox{13.7\,kg} for T and T1 respectively. Similar results were noticed about average daily gain. Dry matter intake was higher in T1 than T by \mbox{2.2\,\%}, but no significant differences were detected. While FCR value was higher in T1 ($p < 0.05$) by \mbox{15.34\,\%}. The  feed cost in T1 was 48.22 S\unitfrac[.]{P}{kg} body weight gain, and was lower than in T by \mbox{17.01\,\%}. It could be concluded that replacement a part of ration by \textit{Opuntia Ficus-Indica} at level \mbox{11\,\%}  on dry matter basis did have positive effect on productive parameters,  less feeding cost and better economic efficiency. 



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Economic efficiency., feed intake, key words: Shami camel, Opuntia Ficus Indica, total weight gain
\index[key]{Economic!efficiency.}
\index[key]{Feed!intake}
\index[key]{Key words: Shami camel}
\index[key]{\textit{Opuntia Ficus Indica}}
\index[key]{Total weight gain}
\end{document}
