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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Enhancing Phosphorus Fertiliser Use Efficiency of Wheat via Controlled Release of Microbes by Coating Alginate Loaded Bacteria on Diammonium Phosphate},pdfauthor={Muhammad Yaseen, Muhammad Zahir Aziz, Muhammad Naveed},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Alginate, diammonium phosphate, Enterobacter sp., phosphorus fertiliser, wheat},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Enhancing Phosphorus Fertiliser Use Efficiency of Wheat via Controlled Release of Microbes by Coating Alginate Loaded Bacteria on Diammonium Phosphate\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Muhammad Yaseen, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{dr.yaseen@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Muhammad Yaseen, Muhammad Zahir Aziz, Muhammad Naveed}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Inst. of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Pakistan}}}
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\index[author]{Yaseen, Muhammad}
\index[author]{Zahir Aziz, Muhammad}
\index[author]{Naveed, Muhammad}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Efficiency of applied phosphatic fertilisers on calcareous soil is very low i.e. 10--\mbox{25\,\%}. This is mainly because phosphorus (P) fertiliser granule in soil is subjected to a series of primary and secondary solution reactions with Ca\textsuperscript{2+} and Mg\textsuperscript{2+} which substantially retard P availability to plants by fixation. Saving of P granule from these reactions and solubilising the fixed P is in fact improving its availability to plant. Coating granules of diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertiliser with alginate"=loaded bacteria can improve availability of P and deliver microbe in rhizosphere for improving P use efficiency and crop production. A series of experiments including laboratory and wire house were conducted to investigate the efficacy of alginate coated DAP bioaugmented with endophytic bacteria on growth, yield and P use efficiency of wheat (\textit{Triticum aestivum} L.). Pre"=isolated endophytic strain \textit{Enterobacter} sp. MN17::gusA and alginate was used for experiments. In laboratory experiment, best concentration of alginate viz 0.5, 1.0 and \mbox{1.5\,\%} and organic amendment (OA) glucose (G) \mbox{1\,\%}, glycerol (Gly) \mbox{1\,\%} and both together was screened out on the basis of microbial survival. After, screening best concentration of polymer/organic amendment along with microbe were coated on DAP. Microbial survival after coating on fertiliser granule and P released pattern in soil was determined under control conditions and its subsequent effect on wheat growth and PUE was evaluated under wire house conditions. Results revealed that maximum microbial survival was 12\,$\times$\,10\textsuperscript{7} CFU ml\textsuperscript{-1} up to one month in alginate concentration \mbox{1.5\,\%} with OA (G+Gly) coating on fertiliser. Further, incubation results showed that microbe number and P released from granules was 80\,$\times$\,10\textsuperscript{8} CFU g$^{-1}$ soil and \mbox{79\,\%} in soil after one month. Similarly, data of pot trial revealed that wheat growth, yield, physiological parameters and P use efficiency was improved and successfully delivery of microbes in rhizosphere was achieved by fertiliser granules coated with alginate"=loaded microbes. So, it can be summarised that DAP fertiliser coated with alginate"=loaded microbe is a novel approach and it can effectively improve growth, yield, P use efficiency of wheat and target site delivery of microbes.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Alginate, diammonium phosphate, \textit{Enterobacter} sp., phosphorus fertiliser, wheat
\index[key]{Alginate}
\index[key]{Enterobacter@\textit{Enterobacter} sp.}
\index[key]{Phosphorus fertiliser}
\index[key]{Wheat}
\end{document}
