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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Organic Soil Amendments: A Potential Bacterial Wilt Control in Potato},pdfauthor={Bruce Ochieng Obura, Monica L. Parker, Christian Bruns, Maria Renate Finckh, Elmar Schulte-Geldermann},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Compost, Neem kernel cake, potato, Ralstonia solanacearum},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Organic Soil Amendments: A Potential Bacterial Wilt Control in Potato\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Bruce Ochieng Obura, International Potato Center - sub-Saharan Africa (CIP-SSA), Intergrated Crop Management, Old Naivasha Road Off Waiyaki Way, Nairobi, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{b.ochieng@cgiar.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Bruce Ochieng Obura$^{1}$, Monica L. Parker$^{1}$, Christian Bruns$^{2}$, Maria Renate Finckh$^{2}$, Elmar Schulte-Geldermann$^{1}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$International Potato Center (CIP), Intergrated Crop Management, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Kassel, Ecological Plant Protection, Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Obura, Bruce Ochieng}
\index[author]{Parker, Monica L.}
\index[author]{Bruns, Christian}
\index[author]{Finckh, Maria Renate}
\index[author]{Schulte-Geldermann, Elmar}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Potato bacterial wilt (BW) disease caused by \textit{Ralstonia solanacearum} is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of potato production. Control of BW is very difficult as there are no effective chemical control measures available. The presented study aimed at investigating the effect of soil amendment (SA) and inoculum density on the subsequent development of (BW) in field conditions over two seasons. Eight SA used included compost 10\,mm sized particles (C10) at three application rates of 5\,t\,ha$^{-1}$, 2.5\,t\,ha$^{-1}$ and 1.25\,t\,ha$^{-1}$, Neem kernel cake (N) at three application rates of 1\,t\,ha$^{-1}$, 0.25\,t\,ha$^{-1}$ and 0.125\,t\,ha$^{-1}$, a combination of C10 at 1.25\,t\,ha$^{-1}$ + N 0.125\,t\,ha$^{-1}$, Plantmate (an organic fertiliser consisting of 25 beneficial microorganisms and macronutrients, probiotics, enzymes, amino acids, and growth promoting substances) and a control without SA, two inoculum densities used were 3.26 $\times$ 10$^3$ CFU\,ml\textsuperscript{-1} and 2.9 $\times$ 10\textsuperscript{5} CFU\,ml\textsuperscript{-1}. The experimental layout was a split plot design with four replications, inoculum density as main plot and SA as sub plots. The field was inoculated three days before treatment application in each season with 200 ml per unit area of bacterial suspension. Potatoes were planted in all the two consecutive seasons and treatments were applied to the same plots before planting. BW population were quantified 48 hours before SA application and at the end of every season, weekly observations of disease incidences were recorded. The findings showed significant reduction of BW by \mbox{75\,\%} and \mbox{65\,\%} in Plant mate at 10$^3$ CFU\,ml\textsuperscript{-1} and 10\textsuperscript{5}; CFU\,ml\textsuperscript{-1} respectively and \mbox{60\,\%}  and \mbox{40\,\%} in (N) at 10$^3$ CFU\,ml\textsuperscript{-1} and 10\textsuperscript{5} CFU\,ml\textsuperscript{-1} respectively against Control. Yields losses in these treatment were low with average yields of 34 t\,ha$^{-1}$ at 10$^3$ CFU\,ml\textsuperscript{-1} for both Plant mate and (N) as compared to 1\,t\,ha$^{-1}$ in the control and 29 t\,ha$^{-1}$ and 27 t\,ha$^{-1}$ at 10\textsuperscript{5}; CFU\,ml\textsuperscript{-1} for Plant mate and (N) respectively as compared to only 1 t\,ha$^{-1}$ in the control. This study shows that Plant mate and (N) had a great potential in reducing losses caused by BW. Further studies on the mode of action particularly of the SA are currently underway. 
}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Compost, Neem kernel cake, potato, \textit{Ralstonia solanacearum}
\index[key]{Compost}
\index[key]{Neem kernel cake}
\index[key]{Potato}
\index[key]{Ralstonia solanacearum@\textit{Ralstonia solanacearum}}
\end{document}
