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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Evaluation of Land Preparation Implements in an Agricultural  scheme in Sudan },pdfauthor={Mohanad Abdualgader, Nasser Ahmed},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Field capacity, fuel consumption, implements, measure, performance, preparation, tillage},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Evaluation of Land Preparation Implements in an Agricultural  scheme in Sudan \footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Nasser Ahmed, University of Khartoum, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering, Elkarib, 13314~Khartoum, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{nas3310@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Mohanad Abdualgader$^{1}$, Nasser Ahmed$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Agricultural Research, Agricultural Engineering, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Khartoum, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering, Sudan}}}
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\index[author]{Abdualgader, Mohanad}
\index[author]{Ahmed, Nasser}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Application of mechanisation in agriculture operations is considered the most striking development in modern agriculture. It is reflected in many life aspects, the burden of the manual agricultural work was lessened and workers productivity was greatly increased.



       Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for any purpose. But usually for nurturing crops, and is one of the oldest practices in agriculture, it is practices to provide a favourable environment for seed placement, germination and crop growth



	Land development is the costliest operations in farming. It involves jungle clearance, soil opening with deep tillage equipment, moving soil from high to low spots, making farm roads, field bounding and leveling, etc. These operations require use of self propelled and heavy equipment such as tractors with heavy duty ploughs and dozers, high horsepower tractors with dozing arid hoeing attachments, scrapers, ditchers, chisel ploughs, subsoiler ploughs, tracers, laser levelers.







	A study was conducted in an agricultural scheme located in mid- South Sudan in the scheme of Sabina used for cultivation of sorghum, wheat, maize and cotton. The objectives of this study were to study the performance of land preparation equipments and modern technology used in this scheme. The implements under study were chisel plow and laser leveler bucket.  The parameters measured were theoretical and effective field capacity, field efficiency and fuel consumption. The results showed that the chisel recorded 2.4, \unitfrac[2.1]{ha}{hr}, \mbox{87.5\,\%} and \unitfrac[27]{l}{hr} for theoretical field capacity, effective field capacity, field efficiency and  fuel consumption rate,  respectively. The results also showed that the laser leveler bucket had a field capacity of 100 m$^{3}$/hr and fuel consumption rate of \unitfrac[42.25]{l}{hr}.



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Field capacity, fuel consumption, implements, measure, performance, preparation, tillage
\index[key]{Field capacity}
\index[key]{Fuel consumption}
\index[key]{Implements}
\index[key]{Measure}
\index[key]{Performance}
\index[key]{Preparation}
\index[key]{Tillage}
\end{document}
