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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Agricultural Labour Force Differential Effects of Food Safety Standards: Evidence from European Union's Technical Regulations},pdfauthor={Fatima Olanike Kareem, Olayinka Idowu Kareem},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agricultural Employment, EU, food Safety Standards, Gender},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Agricultural Labour Force Differential Effects of Food Safety Standards: Evidence from European Union's Technical Regulations\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Fatima Olanike Kareem, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Dept. of Economics, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 26/11, Gottingen, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{fkareem@uni-goettingen.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Fatima Olanike Kareem$^{1}$, Olayinka Idowu Kareem$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Dept. of Economics, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Marburg, Chair of Development and Cooperative Economics, Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Kareem, Fatima Olanike}
\index[author]{Kareem, Olayinka Idowu}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The increasing demand for food due to rising population has impacted positively on food safety regulations. Technical food regulations have implication for food production and trade, especially for developing economies, whose majority of labour force depends on the sector for livelihood. There are labour market effects of the stringency and preponderance of technical food safety standards in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. The impact of these food regulations have labour force differential across gender, countries and regions. Thus, this study investigates the impact of EU non"=tariff barrier in the form of food safety standards on gender relations in the agricultural labour market between 1995 and 2012. Our results indicate that EU food safety standards significantly reduce agricultural employment. In particular, we find that women are disproportionately disadvantaged in the agricultural sector not only because of the inimical effects of the non"=tariff measure, but more so because of their unequal access to opportunities such as gender inequality in tertiary schooling and the heavy burden of reproduction activities which makes them less available for gainful employment for certain period of time. However, near gender parity that was achieved in primary and secondary education as well as increased access to time saving infrastructure increases their share of employment in the agricultural sector. Thus, investment in infrastructure that reduces women care burdens and building the educational capacity of women to effectively deal with the food technical regulations, could work to remove these gender specific obstacles, enable women respond to employment opportunities and minimise any gender disparity caused by trade.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agricultural Employment, EU, food Safety Standards, Gender
\index[key]{Agricultural!Employment}
\index[key]{EU}
\index[key]{Food!Safety Standards}
\index[key]{Gender}
\end{document}
