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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Inter"=generational Contracts and Sustainable Cocoa Farming in Ghana},pdfauthor={Sander Muilerman, Nana Akua Anyidoho, Sylvia Ohene-Marfo},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Africa, cocoa, gender, Ghana, land tenure, youth},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Inter"=generational Contracts and Sustainable Cocoa Farming in Ghana\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Sander Muilerman, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), IITA Ghana, CSIR-INSTI, Airport Residential Area, PO Box M32~Accra, Ghana, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{s.muilerman@cgiar.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Sander Muilerman$^{1}$, Nana Akua Anyidoho$^{2}$, Sylvia Ohene-Marfo$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), IITA Ghana, Ghana}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Ghana, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER), }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Ghana, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER), }}}
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\index[author]{Muilerman, Sander}
\index[author]{Anyidoho, Nana Akua}
\index[author]{Ohene-Marfo, Sylvia}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Multinationals increasingly voice concerns about a sustained supply of quality cocoa. Though partly linked to environmental concerns and pressure on land availability, the big question is who will actually still be producing cocoa a decade from now. New generations generally only get access to their parents' land after they pass away. This is problematic with a tree crop and leads to low investment levels and to youth turning away altogether.







Our research based on original survey and qualitative interview data shows that innovative sustainable and entrepreneurial cocoa farming strategies will need to include intergenerational farming considerations, much more prevalent in the global North than in the cocoa sector in the South. Our research shows that a number of relatively simple third"=party interventions, with an active role of the private sector, may overcome current taboos and practices that inhibit youth from entering the sector twenty years earlier. We identify new forms of societal and intergenerational contracts and options for succession and legacy planning that benefit current and future generations, but will also favour more sustainable land use, better incomes and a long"=term sustainable supply.







Our research contributes to filling a gap in our understanding of how to move from an unsustainable single"=generation, largely migration"=based tree crop farming which has slowly been eradicating West Africa's forests over the last century, to multi"=generational sedentary and sustainably intensified tree crop systems. At the same time it strongly contributes to a better understanding of how Africa's heavily underemployed youth may form the base for thriving entrepreneurial family farming strategies.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Africa, cocoa, gender, Ghana, land tenure, youth
\index[key]{Africa}
\index[key]{Cocoa}
\index[key]{Gender}
\index[key]{Ghana}
\index[key]{Land!tenure}
\index[key]{Youth}
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