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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Understanding Livelihoods Vulnerability from Changing Risks in Thailand},pdfauthor={Sopon Naruchaikusol, Patrick Sakdapolrak, Harald Sterly},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Climate change, livelihood strategies, migration, rural household, vulnerability},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Understanding Livelihoods Vulnerability from Changing Risks in Thailand\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Sopon Naruchaikusol, University of Bonn, Geography, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53115 ~Bonn, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{snarucha@uni-bonn.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Sopon Naruchaikusol$^{1}$, Patrick Sakdapolrak$^{2}$, Harald Sterly$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Bonn, Geography, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Vienna, Geography and Regional Research, Austria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Bonn, Dept. of Geography, Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Naruchaikusol, Sopon}
\index[author]{Sakdapolrak, Patrick}
\index[author]{Sterly, Harald}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
This research investigates a livelihood vulnerability from two difference socio"=ecological contexts in Northern and Northeastern of Thailand. This empirical research illustrates the impact and consequences of stresses and shocks from socio"=economic and development policy changes include environmental and agrarian changes at household and community levels. Furthermore, this research studied the adverse impacts from climate change on household livelihood outcomes and strategies, which have changed over time. Household livelihood strategies are investigated by using the livelihood vulnerability framework as a means of framing the discussion about vulnerability and resilience through those changes. A household asset characteristics in the livelihood framework is applied to focus on identifying factors that contribute to a shifting of household vulnerability or resilience. The impact of changing a rainfall variability such as delaying rain, longer dry spell, and periodic rain appears to be becoming more important as a result of climate change in Thailand. Alongside climate change, households were also faced with socio"=economic and development challenges such as agriculture price punctuation, changing labour structures, land use change, and forest loss. The main drivers of household vulnerability were agriculture diversification, access to land and water resources, and migration. The results show that rural households with large landholdings may secure from the adverse impact of socio"=economic, development, and climate change. Household can manage their decision to diversify crop varieties, reliable access to water resources, and shift to a better or safer area. Migration and remittance also play an important household strategy to diversify income for a household consumption and a farm investment.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Climate change, livelihood strategies, migration, rural household, vulnerability
\index[key]{Climate change}
\index[key]{Livelihood!strategies}
\index[key]{Migration}
\index[key]{Rural!household}
\index[key]{Vulnerability}
\end{document}
