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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Grassroot Farmer Innovations and their Role for a Holistic Research Approach},pdfauthor={Tobias Wünscher},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Contest, farmer Innovation, Ghana, research policy},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Grassroot Farmer Innovations and their Role for a Holistic Research Approach\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Tobias Wünscher, University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Walter-Flex-Straße 3, 53113~Bonn, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{tobias.wuenscher@uni-bonn.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Tobias Wünscher}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Wünscher, Tobias}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
There are numerous examples for ingenious innovations that were developed by farmers alone, without any external assistance from research institutions or other organisations. Grassroot innovations are often thought to have huge development potential. They are accessible to small scale farmers who live and operate in the same conditions as the innovator with similar constraints (e.g. of financial nature). Technically outstanding innovations from the laboratories of research organisations sometimes lack this local adaptation and therefore do not spread among farmers as much as expected. But are these expectations justified? What is the potential of farmer innovations for regional development? Can they substitute formal research? And what can we learn from them with respect to a future research approaches? Based on 222 innovations identified through a farmer innovation contest in Upper East Ghana (2012--2014) I attempt to distil some answers to these questions. Most innovations address problems in animal husbandry, storage or crop management (193 or \mbox{87\,\%}). Most innovations target the control of pests and diseases both in animals and plants (142 or \mbox{64\,\%}). We found (i) very few innovations to address direct threats of climate change, (ii) many of the developed solutions to have modern solutions, (iii) hardly any attempts to develop technical equipment, and (iv) none of the innovations to target the reduction of the farmers' workload. In the poor setting of the contest farmers struggle to survive. Innovations therefore tend to address immediate problems. Climate change, however, also requires foresighted research. Modern solutions are often financially inaccessible or physically unavailable to farmers in the study area. The substitute solutions therefore represent cost"=effective alternatives. The extremely low technical point of departure and high poverty levels hinder innovation in technical equipment which, however, may not be the farmers' primary concern, as the reduction of workload does not seem to be either (although seasonal labour shortages do exist). We conclude that farmer innovations are an important complement to formal research and form a valuable source to help formal research identify research needs. Communication between farmer innovators and researchers should be intensified to benefit fully from farmer innovativeness.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Contest, farmer Innovation, Ghana, research policy
\index[key]{Contest}
\index[key]{Farmer Innovation}
\index[key]{Ghana}
\index[key]{Research policy}
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