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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Artificial and Natural Regeneration of Baobab \textit{Adansonia Digitata} L. at Elkhouyi Locality, North Kordofan State, Sudan},pdfauthor={Yahia Ibrahim Mohammed Abutaba, Osman Elsaid Adlan Abdelkareem, Salih Omer Tutu, Essam Warrag},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Collection, date, key words: Baobab, North Kordofan , Regeneration, soil seed bank},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Artificial and Natural Regeneration of Baobab \textit{Adansonia Digitata} L. at Elkhouyi Locality, North Kordofan State, Sudan\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Yahia Ibrahim Mohammed Abutaba, University of Kordofan, Sudan, Dept. of Forestry \& Range Sciences, Dept. of Forestry and Range Sciences, unversity of Kordofan, PO Box 160, 51111~Elobied, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{yahia_11000@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Yahia Ibrahim Mohammed Abutaba$^{1}$, Osman Elsaid Adlan Abdelkareem$^{2}$, Salih Omer Tutu$^{3}$, Essam Warrag$^{4}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Kordofan, Sudan, Dept. of Forestry \& Range Sciences, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Institute of Gum Arabic Research and Desertification Studies, University of Kordofan, Elobied, Sudan, Institute of Gum Arabic Research and Desertification Studies, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Kordofan, Sudan, Dept. of Forestry \& Range Sciences, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$University of Khartoum, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Silviculture, Sudan}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Abutaba, Yahia Ibrahim Mohammed}
\index[author]{Abdelkareem, Osman Elsaid Adlan}
\index[author]{Tutu, Salih Omer}
\index[author]{Warrag, Essam}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the effect of fruit collection date, seed planting date and seed pre"=germination treatment on seed germination and seedling growth at the nursery, beside the effect of grazing control for seedling and seed germination and survival at the site. Soil seed bank was surveyed according to soil depth, distance and direction from existing trees. Natural regeneration was assessed by counting young seedlings according to direction and distance from the nearest tree. Seed pre"=germination treatments (sulfuric acid (\mbox{96\,\%}), electric burner, dry heat and control) were applied for seed collected in October, November, December and January of the following year and weighed. Treated seeds were dried in January, April and July. Seed germination was recorded and seedling growth was measured weekly from week 5 to week 13 and leaves number per seedling was recorded at week 13. The results showed that there is low soil seed bank and scarce natural regeneration. Seed number per unit volume of soil is significantly higher at soil depth \mbox{5\,cm} than other deeper depths. Also, the seeds and seedlings were concentrated near trees. Seeds collection date, planting date and scarification treatment showed significant effect on seed germination and to some extent on seedling height and leaves number. Seeds collected in January, had significantly higher germination percent than those collected in October, indicating importance of seed maturity and suitable fruit collection date. Seeds planted in July showed higher germination percentages and longer seedlings and more leaves than earlier planting (January and April). These results also, showed the importance of seed maturity. The effect of seed treatments was significant on seeds planted in January and April. Seed coat scarification using electric burner or concentrated sulphuric acid gave higher germination percentage, especially for seeds planted in January and April. The field study showed significantly higher survival percentage for transplanted and germinating seedlings in protected site compared to unprotected one. This indicates the importance of protection from animals grazing. Accordingly, the study recommends protection of \textit{A.~digitata} sites and enriching the soil seed bank of \textit{A.~digitata} to ensure germination.







}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Collection, date, key words: Baobab, North Kordofan , Regeneration, soil seed bank
\index[key]{Collection}
\index[key]{Date}
\index[key]{Key words: Baobab}
\index[key]{North Kordofan }
\index[key]{Regeneration}
\index[key]{Soil!seed bank}
\end{document}
