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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Selecting Methods for Developing Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) Baselines: two Case Studies from Namibia and Costa Rica},pdfauthor={Ravic Nijbroek},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Bush encroachment, Costa Rica, land degradation neutrality, Namibia, UNCCD},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Selecting Methods for Developing Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) Baselines: two Case Studies from Namibia and Costa Rica\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Ravic Nijbroek, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Soils Research Area, Ciat C/o Icipe Off Kasarani Road Pobox 823-00621, Nairobi, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{rnijbroek@cgiar.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Ravic Nijbroek}}
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\item[]{\small{\textit{International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Soils Research Area, Kenya}}}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Each year we lose billions of tonnes of fertile soil with an estimated global cost of USD 40 billion. In recent years there is renewed focus by the UNCCD and other international parties to halt land degradation and restore degraded land (i.e. Initiative 20\,$\times$\,20 in Latin America and AFR100 in Africa) culminating with the adoption of Sustainable Development Goal 15.3 which aims to achieve a land"=degradation neutral world by 2030. The indicator for target 15.3 focuses on trends in land degradation which are based on the following metrics: land cover, net primary productivity and soil organic carbon. GIZ is assisting several countries with the implementation of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN). Here we look at the process of determining the best methods for developing LDN baselines in Namibia and Costa Rica, GIZ target countries, for each of the three metrics. These countries present interesting case studies given their different ecological zones, land sizes and other characteristics. Moreover, countries are free to select a fourth metric which does not need to be compatible with the general LDN framework. After a desk study on different methodologies was completed, workshops were held in each country with a wide range of stakeholders. Both Namibia and Costa Rica selected a combination of new field data collection and use of existing methods. Method selections focused primarily on building national capacity and ability to use the LDN products for other ongoing national planning activities. In Namibia, bush encroachment was selected as an additional metric which poses interesting challenges because it is difficult to measure and it is a counter"=intuitive form of land degradation in terms of the other three metrics. Erosion risk was selected as a fourth indicator in Costa Rica. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Bush encroachment, Costa Rica, land degradation neutrality, Namibia, UNCCD
\index[key]{Bush encroachment}
\index[key]{Costa Rica}
\index[key]{Land!degradation neutrality}
\index[key]{Namibia}
\index[key]{UNCCD}
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