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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Seed Germination of Advanced Lines of Spiderplant (\textit{Cleome gynandra} L.) as Influenced by Pod Maturity Stage},pdfauthor={David Odongo, John Wesonga, Mary Abukutsa-Onyango},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Germination percentage, germination test, mean germination time, seed development},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Seed Germination of Advanced Lines of Spiderplant (\textit{Cleome gynandra} L.) as Influenced by Pod Maturity Stage\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} David Odongo, JKUAT, Department of Horticulture, 62000, 00200~Nairobi, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{davieodongo@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{David Odongo$^{1}$, John Wesonga$^{2}$, Mary Abukutsa-Onyango$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$JKUAT, Department of Horticulture, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Horticulture, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Dept. of Horticulture, Kenya}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Odongo, David}
\index[author]{Wesonga, John}
\index[author]{Abukutsa-Onyango, Mary}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The process of seed development from ovule fertilisation to physiological maturity is divided into four phases; phases I and II comprise of cell division and expansion, reserve accumulation in phase III (where seed dry mass increases) and intensified seed moisture loss in phase IV. Germination test determines the percentage of seeds that are viable in a seed lot. This percentage germination together with seed vigour provides an estimate of the potential field planting value of a crop. Spiderplant (\textit{Cleome gynandra} L.) is an important African Indigenous Vegetable especially in Kenya with its popularity fast spreading to other parts of the African continent due to its nutritional and medicinal values. However, inadequate quality seed has posed a great challenge in its production. Most farmers depend heavily on `farmer"=saved' seeds which are of low quality due to limited information on the appropriate pod harvest stage, seed processing and handling methods.  Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in 2015/2016 to study the effect of pod maturity stage on seed germination of ten advanced lines of Spiderplant. Pods were harvested at three maturity stages viz. green mature, yellow and brown (dry). The germination experiment was laid in a Complete Random Design in a growth chamber. A total of 100 seeds were sown in petri dishes lined with Whatman filter paper moistened with distilled water at a constant temperature of 27°C replicated three times. Results indicated significant difference among the three pod maturity stages in percentage germination (p$<$.001). Yellow pods had a higher germination percentage between 91--\mbox{94\,\%}. In contrast, brown pods had the lowest germination percentage between 56--\mbox{62\,\%}. There was a significant difference in the mean germination time (MGT) across the maturity stages (p$<$.001). Yellow pods had the lowest MGT of 4.16 and brown pods the highest MGT of 6.12. Therefore the pod maturity stage at which Spiderplant seed is harvested has an influence on the germination.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Germination percentage, germination test, mean germination time, seed development
\index[key]{Germination percentage}
\index[key]{Germination test}
\index[key]{Seed!development}
\end{document}
