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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effects of Uv Radiation and Temperature on Shelflife of Biological Control Agent},pdfauthor={Patrick Juma, Turoop Losenge, Lucy Kananu, Rainer Meyhoefer},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={B. subtilis, storability, t. asperellum, UV-A, UV-B},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Effects of Uv Radiation and Temperature on Shelflife of Biological Control Agent\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Turoop Losenge, Jomo Kenyatta University of Science and Agriculture, Horticulture, P.O. Box 62000, 00200~Nairobi, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{losenge@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Patrick Juma$^{1}$, Turoop Losenge$^{2}$, Lucy Kananu$^{3}$, Rainer Meyhoefer$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Horticulture, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Jomo Kenyatta University of Science and Agriculture, Horticulture, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Horticulture, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Inst. of Horticultural Production Systems - Sect. Phytomedicine, Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Juma, Patrick}
\index[author]{Losenge, Turoop}
\index[author]{Kananu, Lucy}
\index[author]{Meyhoefer, Rainer}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Soil microbes of the genus Trichoderma and Bacillus are being commercialisation utilised as biological controls agents owing to their ability to antagonize fungal pathogens. However, utilisation of the bio"=control agents is limited by their storability. The shelf life of Trichoderma asperellum and \textit{Bacillus subtilis} coated on the African Nightshade seeds was evaluated on a weekly basis for 16 weeks under varied temperature. A further experiment to evaluate the effect of exposure to ultra"=violent irradiation (UV) was also carried out. After the 16\textsuperscript{th} week of storage significantly high colony forming units for T. asperellum (1\,$\times$\,107 colony forming units CFU /ml) were observed on seed stored at 5°C ( $p < 0.467$). In contrast storing the T. asperellum coated seed at higher temperatures at 10 °C led to significant decline in CFU after 16 weeks of storage (p 0.001). \textit{B.~subtilis} coated seeds stored at 5\&\#8451; had no significant reduction in the colony forming units ($p < 0.206$). Exposing the coated seeds to UV at 302 nm wavelength resulted in a significant reduction of viable T. asperellum CFU ($p < 0.002$) while irradiating at 365 nm had no significant effect on the concentration of T. asperellum on the seed. However exposure of \textit{B.~subtilis} to UV radiation of 302 or 365 nm for 0--25 min had no significant reduction in the colony forming ( $p < 0.321$ and $p < 0.452$, respectively). Therefore storing T. asperellum and \textit{B.~subtilis} at low temperature and reduced UV irradiation enhances the survival of the biological control agents on African Nightshade seeds during storage. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} \textit{B.~subtilis}, storability, t. asperellum, UV-A, UV-B
\index[key]{\textit{B.~subtilis}}
\index[key]{Storability}
\index[key]{T. asperellum}
\index[key]{UV-A}
\index[key]{UV-B}
\end{document}
