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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Tropical Artisanal Bait Fishery; Another Wrinkle for Fishery Resource Managers},pdfauthor={Charles Kihia, Agnes Muthumbi, Julius Okondo, Vincent Njuguna, Aniel Nthiga},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Bait harvest, impact, livelihood, sustainability},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Tropical Artisanal Bait Fishery; Another Wrinkle for Fishery Resource Managers\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Charles Kihia, Egerton University, Biological Sciences, Egerton University Po Box 536, 20100~Egerton, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{charles.kihia@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Charles Kihia$^{1}$, Agnes Muthumbi$^{2}$, Julius Okondo$^{3}$, Vincent Njuguna$^{4}$, Aniel Nthiga$^{5}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Egerton University, Biological Sciences, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Nairobi, Biological Sciences, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$University of Nairobi, Biological Sciences, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{5}$University of Nairobi, Biological Sciences, Kenya}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Kihia, Charles}
\index[author]{Muthumbi, Agnes}
\index[author]{Okondo, Julius}
\index[author]{Njuguna, Vincent}
\index[author]{Nthiga, Aniel}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Global fishery resources are regarded as fully exploited, or with limited capacity for further expansion. This is especially so, for tropical artisanal multispecies and gear fishery, where implementation of intervention is still a challenge. Marine artisanal fishers, use bait attached to gears to fish within inshore waters, while the status is the fishery resources exploit is well documented, the bait they exploit are poorly known, documented or regulated. This study evaluates the status of bait exploitation within a marine biosphere reserve (Mida Creek) and explores a variety of impacts on the exploited resource and associated livelihood in general. A variety of quantitative and qualitative survey tools are used to obtain information from fishers and also on the resource exploited. Results reveal that bait fishers, comprised over \mbox{60\,\%} of fishers, exploited over 13 different bait types, attached to either hooks or basket traps. The bait are dominated by intertidal invertebrates, such as, polychaete worms, hermit crabs, mangrove whelk, and shrimp, among others. These are harvested and processed from mangrove forests, mudflat and sandflats by excavation, hand collection or using simple tools. Approximately, 0.2g.d$^{-1}$ of bait are used to land an assortment of fish, dominated by juvenile Lethrinids. Conservative estimates of the value of some of the bait used is 0.05 \$.kg$^{-1}$. Livelihood support of the fishery is categorised as below 2\$. d$^{-1}$, corresponding to limited chances for lifestyle improvement. Although limited impacts on benthic biota are demonstrated, deforestation, associated with polychaete excavation, and excessive harvesting of shelled biota, impact hermit crab populations. It is concluded that the multi bait species and multi"=habitat nature of the bait exploitation described, may mask discernible patterns of unsustainability. More studies are needed to describe status of pristine pre"=harvesting and open access intertidal scenarios. Identification of alternative fishery and livelihoods, must be in"=built into envisaged intervention schemes in order to inculcate practical, cost effective and enforceable solutions.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Bait harvest, impact, livelihood, sustainability
\index[key]{Bait harvest}
\index[key]{Impact}
\index[key]{Livelihood}
\index[key]{Sustainability}
\end{document}
