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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Smallholder African Indigenous Vegetable Production Systems in Kenya},pdfauthor={Barnabas Kurgat, Silke Stöber, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Todd Rosenstock},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={African indigenous vegetables, fertilisers, nitrous oxide emission, smallholder farmers},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Smallholder African Indigenous Vegetable Production Systems in Kenya\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Barnabas Kurgat, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Rural Development (SLE), Robert-Koch-Platz 4, 10115~Berlin, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{bkurgat@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Barnabas Kurgat$^{1}$, Silke Stöber$^{1}$, Hermann Lotze-Campen$^{2}$, Todd Rosenstock$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Rural Development (SLE), Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kenya}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Kurgat, Barnabas}
\index[author]{Stöber, Silke}
\index[author]{Lotze-Campen, Hermann}
\index[author]{Rosenstock, Todd}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
African indigenous vegetable (AIV) production systems are mainly managed by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Sustainable intensification is widely acknowledged as means to increase resource use efficiency while reducing environmental impacts in such systems. However, reliable estimates of N\textsubscript{2}O fluxes from smallholder AIVs production systems are markedly limited. An experiment was established to investigate the effects of different fertiliser sources on N\textsubscript{2}O emissions and productivity in smallholder AIV production systems using static chambers and gas chromatography. Complete randomised experimental design was used with three replicates of four fertiliser treatments: (1) Diammonium phosphate (DAP) at 40 kg N ha\textsuperscript{-1}, (2) cattle manure at 10 tonnes ha\textsuperscript{-1}, (3) mixture of DAP and cattle manure at 20 N kg + 5 tonnes ha\textsuperscript{-1} and (4) a control of no nitrogen application incorporated with the seeds at the time of sowing. Results indicated marked temporal variation of N2O fluxes in all the treatments with DAP recording the highest (47.6\% of total emissions). The calculated cumulative mean N\textsubscript{2}O emissions were 31.1$\pm$15.4, 8.3$\pm$4.5, 16.0$\pm$8.1 and 9.9$\pm$4.5$\mu$g N\textsubscript{2}O-N m\textsuperscript{-2} hr\textsuperscript{-1} for DAP, manure, mixed and control respectively. The fresh yields were 14.4, 4.5, 9.1 and 1.5\,t\,ha\textsuperscript{-1} for DAP, manure, mixed and control respectively. Means of N\textsubscript{2}O emissions and fresh yields from every treatment differed ($p<0.05$). Pair wise mean comparison indicated that the yields of control and manure were similar but different from those of DAP and mixed which were also comparable. For N\textsubscript{2}O fluxes, emissions from DAP differed from those of all the other treatments, further, those from mixed and manure also differed. The results demonstrate that DAP application causes most direct soil induced N2O emissions while mixing DAP and organic (cattle) manure seems to offer a better trade-off between reducing N\textsubscript{2}O emissions with minimal yield reduction.}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} African indigenous vegetables, fertilisers, nitrous oxide emission, smallholder farmers
\index[key]{African indigenous vegetables}
\index[key]{Fertilisers}
\index[key]{Nitrous oxide emission}
\index[key]{Smallholder!farmers}
\end{document}
