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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Tree Diversity Loss and Management Intensification: Implications for Coffee Performance in Agro"=Forests in Kodagu, South India. },pdfauthor={Maike Nesper, Jaboury Ghazoul, Christoph Kueffer},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agroforestry, coffee, diversity, intensification},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Tree Diversity Loss and Management Intensification: Implications for Coffee Performance in Agro"=Forests in Kodagu, South India. \footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Maike Nesper, ETH Zurich, Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), Universitaetsstrasse 16, 8092~Zuerich, Switzerland, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{mnesper@ethz.ch}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Maike Nesper, Jaboury Ghazoul, Christoph Kueffer}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{ETH Zurich, Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), Switzerland}}}
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\index[author]{Nesper, Maike}
\index[author]{Ghazoul, Jaboury}
\index[author]{Kueffer, Christoph}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Kodagu in the Western Ghats is India's main coffee growing region. In this biodiversity hotspot, coffee is traditionally grown in very diverse agroforestry systems. In the past 40 years, coffee agroforestry has been expanding and intensified. Intensification happens at the level of the shade tree canopy (reduction in native tree diversity and planting of exotic timber tree \textit{Grevillea robusta} [Proteaceae]) and the soil management system (conversion from organic [manure and compost] to conventional NPK-fertilisation). While it is hoped that intensification leads to economic benefits, resulting biodiversity loss and effects of different nutrient regimes on soils and coffee productivity and quality are not well understood.



We conducted an on"=farm study to investigate the effect of different shade tree compositions and fertilisation treatments on coffee plant performance. It was hypothesised that shade tree diversity reduction affects biodiversity and multiple ecosystem services negatively, with conversion from organic to conventional soil management further aggravating these negative effects. Loss of ecosystem services is expected to counteract benefits of intensification. We selected 25 farms classified into three types: i) organic and native, multispecies shade tree canopy (9 replicates), ii) conventional and native, multispecies shade tree canopy (9), and iii) conventional and \textit{Grevillea robusta} shade tree canopy (7). 



As a result of a conversion from native"=multispecies to \textit{Grevillea} shade trees not only the native trees were replaced by \textit{Greville}a trees but among the remnant native trees diversity and number of red"=listed species was additionally reduced. Ecosystem structure changed from few old trees in native"=multispecies to many young trees in \textit{Grevillea} plantations. Diversity loss led to a reduced and altered nutrient input through shade tree litter. Conversion from organic to conventional reduced the pH, soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity while fertilisation didn't improve leaf nutrient deficiencies. Coffee productivity wasn't affected by shade tree cover or fertilisation treatment but coffee plants in \textit{Grevillea} plantations produced more single"=seeded berries, and coffee beans suffered from higher coffee borer beetle (\textit{Hypothenemus hampei}) attacks. In summary while we did not find substantial yield increase through intensification, several ecosystem qualities were negatively affect: tree biodiversity, soil quality, and resistance to pests.



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agroforestry, coffee, diversity, intensification
\index[key]{Agroforestry}
\index[key]{Coffee}
\index[key]{Diversity}
\index[key]{Intensification}
\end{document}
