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\hypersetup{pdftitle={An Assessment of Post Harvest Losses in Commercial and Strategic Grain Reserve Warehouses in Kenya},pdfauthor={Joseph Kibaki Mwangi, Christopher Mutungi, Soul-Kifouly G. Midingoyi, Abdul Faraj, Oliver Hensel, Hippolyte D. Affognon},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Commercial stores, Kenya, Maize, storage losses, Strategic reserve warehouses},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{An Assessment of Post Harvest Losses in Commercial and Strategic Grain Reserve Warehouses in Kenya\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Joseph Kibaki Mwangi, Egerton University, Dairy Food Science and Technology, 20115~Egerton, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{joseph.kibaki@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Joseph Kibaki Mwangi$^{1,2}$, Christopher Mutungi$^{1,2}$, Soul-Kifouly G. Midingoyi$^{2}$, Abdul Faraj$^{1}$, Oliver Hensel$^{3}$, Hippolyte D. Affognon$^{4}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Egerton University, Dairy Food Science and Technology, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Social Sciences and Impact Assessment, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Kassel, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Technology Uptake, Mali}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Mwangi, Joseph Kibaki}
\index[author]{Mutungi, Christopher}
\index[author]{Midingoyi, Soul-Kifouly G.}
\index[author]{Faraj, Abdul}
\index[author]{Hensel, Oliver}
\index[author]{Affognon, Hippolyte D.}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
A survey was conducted in 2014/2015 to assess the level of quantitative postharvest losses of stored maize and identify factors associated with the losses in commercial and strategic grain reserve warehouses in Kenya. The total losses were estimated at (9.76$\pm$ 1.22); contributed by insects (7.17$\pm$1.02), rodents (2.01$\pm$0.47), handling (0.49$\pm$0.09), and birds (0.09$\pm$0.03). Storage losses were significantly different across agro ecological zones ($p = 0.040$). The losses were highest in the moist transitional and moist mid"=altitude zones, and lowest in the Low land tropics. There was no significant difference in the total losses estimated in commercial stores and strategic warehouses at \mbox{95\,\%} confidence level ($p = 0.967$). The main storage pests responsible for the losses were grain weevils (\textit{Sitophilus zeamais}); larger grain borers (\textit{Prostephanus truncatus}), the lesser grain borer (\textit{Rhyzopertha dominica}), and Angoumois grain moth (\textit{Sitotroga cerealella} (Olivier). Other storage pests included rodents, birds and bats. Higher losses were associated with the use of residual insecticides, purchasing low quality maize for storage, reuse of storage bags, not adhering to grain standards and untimely intervention in the control of pests. Lower loss magnitudes were associated with short"=term storage ($<$4 months), strict adherence to phyto"=sanitary requirements, cleaning and drying grain before storage, and good pest management regimes (treating grains within first month, and after close of purchases). These findings indicate a need for training on adherence to best practices and standards. They also indicate a need for development and dissemination of technologies that allow early detection of pest infestations, for timely intervention to mitigate storage losses.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Commercial stores, Kenya, Maize, storage losses, Strategic reserve warehouses
\index[key]{Commercial stores}
\index[key]{Kenya}
\index[key]{Maize}
\index[key]{Storage losses}
\index[key]{Strategic reserve warehouses}
\end{document}
