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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Measuring the Contribution of Agricultural Subsistence Production to Household Income},pdfauthor={Philipp Öhlmann},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Household income, measurement, subsistence agriculture},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Measuring the Contribution of Agricultural Subsistence Production to Household Income\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Philipp Öhlmann, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, School of Business and Economics, Unter den Linden 6, 10099~Berlin, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{oehlmanp@hu-berlin.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Philipp Öhlmann}}
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\item[]{\small{\textit{Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, School of Business and Economics, Germany}}}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Small"=scale agriculture is the most widespread livelihood source in many developing countries. In rural areas it is the primary source of household income and even in peri"=urban and urban areas it constitutes an integral part of the households' livelihood portfolio. Notwithstanding the important role of small"=scale agriculture, it is often not adequately accounted for in the analysis of household income. While many surveys include the monetary income households draw from marketing agricultural produce, the share of agricultural produce used for own consumption usually falls under the radar.







This is partly due to the challenge of adequately measuring small"=scale agriculture in the absence of data on prices and harvested quantities. Households do not record their own consumption, particularly where agriculture is only one of many livelihood sources. However, auto"=consumption is particularly relevant where agriculture is a supplemental livelihood strategy, as in transition and middle income countries as well as (peri-)urban areas. It contributes substantially to the diversification of the household's livelihood portfolio. Even when there is no direct monetary return, small"=scale has intermediate implications on the household's budget constraint, as it replaces food otherwise purchased. Hence, it is fundamental to account for it when assessing household income.







Based on a livelihood analysis in rural South Africa, I have developed a methodology to measure the contribution of non"=marketed agricultural produce to household income. It provides a set of specific procedures to approximate the implicit monetary contribution of subsistence production to the income of rural and urban households. In particular, I suggest to broaden the data on agriculture collected in livelihood surveys and propose specific interpolation procedures. The methodology is widely applicable and contributes to refining household income analysis methods. It has been applied in a household survey conducted in the Limpopo Province of South Africa in 2011. The results indicate that even among rural households own consumption contributes the monetary equivalent of more than \mbox{10\,\%} of total household income. The methodology has subsequently been refined and is currently used in the Livelihoods, Religion and Youth study in three provinces of South Africa. This data will form part of the presentation.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Household income, measurement, subsistence agriculture
\index[key]{Household!income}
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\index[key]{Subsistence agriculture}
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