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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effects of Feeding Tropical Forage Legumes on Nutrients Digestibility and Performance of Dairy Cows},pdfauthor={Joaquín Castro-Montoya, Ravindra Gownipuram, Elmer Corea Guillen, Uta Dickhoefer},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Legume silage, milk, protein, tropical dairy},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Effects of Feeding Tropical Forage Legumes on Nutrients Digestibility and Performance of Dairy Cows\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Uta Dickhoefer, University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), Fruwirthstr. 31, 70599~Stuttgart, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{Uta.Dickhoefer@uni-hohenheim.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Joaquín Castro-Montoya$^{1}$, Ravindra Gownipuram$^{1}$, Elmer Corea Guillen$^{2}$, Uta Dickhoefer$^{1}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of El Salvador, El Salvador}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Castro-Montoya, Joaquín}
\index[author]{Gownipuram, Ravindra}
\index[author]{Corea Guillen, Elmer}
\index[author]{Dickhoefer, Uta}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In El Salvador, most dairy farms rely on sorghum or maize silage as basal diet. These forages are low in protein, so that cattle are commonly supplemented with expensive human-edible protein feeds such as imported soybean. Hence, in this study two legumes, jackbean (\textit{Cannavalia ensiformis}) silage and cowpea (\textit{Vigna unguiculata}) hay, were studied as alternative protein sources for dairy cows to reduce farmers' dependency on imported protein sources.



Eight crossbred cows (451 $\pm$ 50.7 kg body weight; 9.4 $\pm$ 2.60 kg milk\,d\textsuperscript{-1}; 125 $\pm$ 50.6 days in milk) were used in a replicated 4$\times$4 latin square design with four periods (14 days adaptation + 7 days sampling). 



Four sorghum silage-based diets differing in their main Nitrogen source were tested: Soybean meal (control), jackbean silage, cowpea hay, or urea. A concentrate mixture was supplemented to create iso-proteic (125 g crude protein kg\,\textsuperscript{-1}dry matter (DM)) and iso-energetic (8.7 MJ metabolisable energy kg\textsuperscript{-1}\,DM) diets with a forage to concentrate ratio of 70:30 (DM basis). Feed intake, apparent total tract nutrients digestibility, energy corrected milk yield (ECM) and composition, and cost-benefit ratio were studied.



Dry matter intake increased when feeding jackbean (14.8\,kg\,d\textsuperscript{-1}) and cowpea (14.6 kg\,d\textsuperscript{-1}) compared with the control diet (13.6\,kg\,d\textsuperscript{-1}) without affecting ECM (ranging from 8.8. to 9.2\,kg\,d\textsuperscript{-1}). There were no differences in apparent DM and nitrogen digestibility (ranging from 0.52 to 0.58) across all diets. Legumes did not change fat, protein, or lactose contents of milk ($P > 0.10$). Even though not statistically different, cost-benefit ratio was 0.18 US\$ higher with the jackbean diet compared with the Control, which might still be an incentive for farmers. Furthermore, ECM relative to human-edible protein intake (\textit{i.e}. from cereals and soybean) was higher when legumes were fed compared with the Control diet; however, compared with the diet containing urea, only the cowpea diet showed a higher ratio of ECM to human-edible protein intake. The results suggest that these legume forages, as alternative protein sources, may also reduce competition in resource use for feed or food production.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Legume silage, milk, protein, tropical dairy
\index[key]{Legume silage}
\index[key]{Milk}
\index[key]{Protein}
\index[key]{Tropical dairy}
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