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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Agroforestry: A Viable Alternative to Achieve Sustainable Livestock Production},pdfauthor={Mario Reinoso-Pérez},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agroforestry, Sustainable Livestock Production, Trees Outside Forest},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Agroforestry: A Viable Alternative to Achieve Sustainable Livestock Production\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Mario Reinoso-Pérez, Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Tirso Diaz No. 110 (ALTOS), 50400~Santa Clara, Cuba, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{mariorp@uclv.cu}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Mario Reinoso-Pérez}}
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\item[]{\small{\textit{Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Cuba}}}
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\textbf{Abstract}
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\normalsize{
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the potentialities of Agroforestry for a sustainable livestock production, with emphasis on those modalities where trees provide goods and services, whether in woodlands or off"=forest (trees outside forest), under Cuban conditions. Findings come from on"=farm research conducted by several Cuban institutions in different degraded agroecosystems (state"=owned and ---managed farms) devoted to milk, beef and timber production. Silvopastoral systems in grass"=legume associations, legume protein banks and forest/fruit plantations together with alley cropping for forage production have been the most studied. The use of trees growing outside the forest and not belonging to the category of forests, forest lands or other wooded lands is an ancient practice of private farmers. All these agroforestry alternatives have in common: (i) not use of irrigation and chemical fertilisers, (ii) grazing with different number of paddocks and stocking rate, and (iii) the use local genotypes of small and large ruminants. Agroforestry has immense potential to support animal productivity. Many are long"=term research results and many more are local experiences that have been developed for over 30 years, not only in Cuba but also en Africa, South Asia and Latin America. Unfortunately, their spread has not been satisfactory and, consequently, the potential of Agroforestry has not been effectively exploited. Agroforestry systems exemplify major opportunities for productivity enhancement, especially from livestock. The nature of livestock"=trees interactions is variable and the benefits of the more positive effects are not yet recognised by farmers and policy makers. However, Agroforestry constitutes a viable alternative to achieve sustainable livestock production. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agroforestry, Sustainable Livestock Production, Trees Outside Forest
\index[key]{Agroforestry}
\index[key]{Sustainable!Livestock Production}
\index[key]{Trees Outside Forest}
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