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\hypersetup{pdftitle={How Do Stone Bunds Affect Soil Loss and Surface Runoff under under Ethiopian Conditions?},pdfauthor={Stefanie Wakolbinger, Andreas Klik, Eva Obereder, Gema Guzman, Stefan Strohmeier, Nigus Demelash Melaku, Jose Alfonso Gomez},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Erosion plots, Ethiopia, soil and water conservation, soil erosion, stone bunds},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{How Do Stone Bunds Affect Soil Loss and Surface Runoff under under Ethiopian Conditions?\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Andreas Klik, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, Vienna, Austria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{andreas.klik@boku.ac.at}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Stefanie Wakolbinger$^{1}$, Andreas Klik$^{2}$, Eva Obereder$^{3}$, Gema Guzman$^{4}$, Stefan Strohmeier$^{5}$, Nigus Demelash Melaku$^{6}$, Jose Alfonso Gomez$^{7}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, Austria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, Austria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute of Hydrauilics and Rural Water Management, Austria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CSIC), Spain}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{5}$International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Jordan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{6}$University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Austria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{7}$Institute for Sustainable Agriculture-CSIC, Spain}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Wakolbinger, Stefanie}
\index[author]{Klik, Andreas}
\index[author]{Obereder, Eva}
\index[author]{Guzman, Gema}
\index[author]{Strohmeier, Stefan}
\index[author]{Melaku, Nigus Demelash}
\index[author]{Gomez, Jose Alfonso}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Ethiopia is severely affected by land degradation and one of the key issues is soil erosion. It is driven by the rapid population increase, low vegetation cover, deforestation and unbalanced livestock and crop production. As far as about \mbox{85\,\%} of the Ethiopian population life of agriculture, it is essential to reduce or prevent further land degradation.



In the Northern Highlands of Ethiopia, stone bunds are a widely used soil and water conservation (SWC) measure. Stone bunds are little embankments of stones along the contour line influencing the translation processes of surface runoff.



In June 2015 a field experiment in the Gumara Maksegnit Watershed was carried out to investigate the impact of stone bunds on surface runoff and soil loss using \mbox{4\,m} wide and \mbox{20\,m} long bounded plots with and without stone bunds (average inclination of the plot was \mbox{8\,\%}). The design of the plots with stone bunds allowed the measurement of runoff along the stone bunds (sideflow) as well as the runoff overflow over them. They were collected separately and routed via a multi"=slot-divider to storage ponds. Representative samples were taken at a roughly weekly interval for a sediment concentration assessment. Precipitation was measured at daily intervals.



Total rainfall from July to September 2015 was 601 mm. During the same time period plots without stone bunds generated approximately \unitfrac[15]{t}{ha} soil loss, whereas plots with stone bunds produced around \unitfrac[4]{t}{ha}. However, only \mbox{19\,\%} of the sediment from the treated plots was transported over the stone bunds, the rest (\mbox{81\,\%}) either deposited in front of the bund or moved along it. Throughout the investigation, 91 mm of surface runoff were produced on the treated plots. This corresponds to a runoff coefficient of 0.17. Around \mbox{30\,\%} of this runoff overtopped the stone bunds, the remaining part ran along the contour and partially infiltrated there.



Overall, stone bunds can be seen as effective soil and water conservation measures under the conditions of the Northern Highlands of Ethiopia.



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Erosion plots, Ethiopia, soil and water conservation, soil erosion, stone bunds
\index[key]{Erosion plots}
\index[key]{Ethiopia}
\index[key]{Soil!and water conservation}
\index[key]{Soil!erosion}
\index[key]{Stone bunds}
\end{document}
