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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Integrating Untapped Resources from Cooking and Sanitation into Farm"=scale Nutrient Management in Karagwe, Tanzania},pdfauthor={Ariane Krause},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Biochar, biogas slurry, carbon recovery, closing open cycles, ecological sanitation, integrated nutrient management, material flow analysis, micro energy systems, micro perspective, natural resource management, nutrient recycling, soil nutrient balancing,},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Integrating Untapped Resources from Cooking and Sanitation into Farm"=scale Nutrient Management in Karagwe, Tanzania\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Ariane Krause, Technische Universität Berlin,  Postgraduate Program Microenergy Systems at Center for Technology and Society,  Sec. Hbs 1; Hardenbergstr. 16-18, 10623~Berlin, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{krause@ztg.tu-berlin.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Ariane Krause}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Technische Universität Berlin,  Postgraduate Program Microenergy Systems at Center for Technology and Society, Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Krause, Ariane}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Food is a human right and food production requires access to land and sustainable soil management. To sufficiently replenish nutrients and counteract soil degradation, many smallholders in Sub-Saharan Africa lack available resources. However, residues from bioenergy and ecological sanitation (EcoSan) are locally available for integrated nutrient management (INM).



Employing a material flow analysis (MFA), we compared local cooking and sanitation technologies and evaluated (i) the effects on natural resources (atmosphere, aquifers, and forests) and (ii) the availability of by"=products, which can be used for INM. Through soil nutrient balancing (SNB), we assessed (i) the current soil nutrient status and (ii) changes that occur when applying biogas slurry, standard compost or CaSa"=compost (containing biochar and sanitised excreta) as organic inputs and urine as mineral input. The system analysis refers to a six"=member household in Karagwe, Tanzania, and is adapted to local conditions, focusing on an intercropping system of relevant temporary crops (i.e. maize, beans, cabbage, and onion).



Within the energy"=system, using improved cooking stoves (ICS) or biogas reduced the pressure on forest resources; using charcoal did not. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were reduced with ICS, but not with the biogas system, due to biogas leakages and emissions from slurry storage. 



Within the sanitation"=system, latrine or septic facilities emitted 80--\mbox{90\,\%} of total N and 70--\mbox{75\,\%} of P to the ecosystem, which EcoSan"=systems avoided. EcoSan also reduced GHG-emissions. Changing from pit latrines to a water"=based system would highly press scarcely available water resources in farming households.



Results of the SNB show that currently, N and P are depleted by -47$\pm$9 and -7$\pm$\mbox{3\,kg} ha$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$, respectively. The analysed INM-strategies mitigated depletion of N and reversed that of P.



We concluded that consequent recycling of residues from household and farming to agricultural land is a promising path (i) to avoid emissions to the environment and (ii) to leave the vicious circle of insufficient production of food crops and residual matter caused by prevailing P-scarcity.



Further research could regard the different utilisation paths of urine and biogas slurry, e.g. direct application versus pre"=composting with/without biochar and socio"=economic aspects for smallholders.



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Biochar, biogas slurry, carbon recovery, closing open cycles, ecological sanitation, integrated nutrient management, material flow analysis, micro energy systems, micro perspective, natural resource management, nutrient recycling, soil nutrient balancing,
\index[key]{Biochar}
\index[key]{Biogas slurry}
\index[key]{Carbon recovery}
\index[key]{Closing open cycles}
\index[key]{Ecological!sanitation}
\index[key]{Integrated!nutrient management}
\index[key]{Material flow analysis}
\index[key]{Micro energy systems}
\index[key]{Micro perspective}
\index[key]{Natural!resource management}
\index[key]{Nutrient!recycling}
\index[key]{Soil!nutrient balancing,}
\end{document}
