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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Socio"=cultural Context and Historical Experiences: Following a Maize"=fertiliser Intervention in Babati (Tanzania)},pdfauthor={Gundula Fischer, Simon Wittich},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Adoption, fertiliser, Improved Seeds, Social Exchange Networks, Tanzania},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Socio"=cultural Context and Historical Experiences: Following a Maize"=fertiliser Intervention in Babati (Tanzania)\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Gundula Fischer, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Africa Rising, Box 10, 0000~Duluti, Tanzania, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{g.fischer@cgiar.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Gundula Fischer$^{1}$, Simon Wittich$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Africa Rising, Tanzania}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Research Consultant, IITA, Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Fischer, Gundula}
\index[author]{Wittich, Simon}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In Tanzania, the promotion of seed"=fertiliser technologies has been a central concern of public and private development programs and interventions for almost five decades. Past initiatives typically relied on cost relieving and knowledge building means in order to raise farmers' interest and capacity for adoption. However, current estimations suggest that only about \mbox{10\,\%} of farmers in the country use improved seeds, whilst about \mbox{12\,\%} apply inorganic fertilisers with the majority located in the Southern Highlands. In 2014 researchers of the R4D project Africa RISING conducted an experiment in three villages in the Babati District, northern Tanzania. They investigated farmers' ``willingness to pay'' for both improved maize seeds and inorganic fertilisers. The experiment's design corresponds to the principal rationales of past development interventions. It reflects the general lack of inclusion of non"=economic social"=science perspectives in research on agro"=inputs and their adoption in Tanzania. Our study recapitulates the ``willingness to pay'' experiment considering the wider social, cultural, and historical context. It describes and analyses the course and outcomes of the experiment as well as the underlying processes leading to them. It is based on an extensive literature review and over 60 semi"=structured interviews with participating male and female farmers, implementers, district officers, and representatives of previous development interventions in the district. The results demonstrate the important role of historical experiences and social exchange networks as factors that shape farmers' decisions to adopt or reject improved seeds, inorganic fertilisers and the agricultural practices associated with them. Farmer"=to-farmer exchange revolves around ox"=ploughing, land, manure and labour with differential positions along stratifying lines (e.g. gender and class). Such an approach enables us to explore who could potentially benefit from maize"=fertiliser technologies.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Adoption, fertiliser, Improved Seeds, Social Exchange Networks, Tanzania
\index[key]{Adoption}
\index[key]{Fertilizer}
\index[key]{Improved Seeds}
\index[key]{Social!Exchange Networks}
\index[key]{Tanzania}
\end{document}
