\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={The Impact of Tenure Arrangements on Sustainable Livelihoods and Forest Use in Communal Indigenous Lands in Bolivia},pdfauthor={Tina Bauer, Verina Ingram, Wil de Jong},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Bolivia, forest use, income distribution, sustainable livelihoods, TCO, tenure},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{The Impact of Tenure Arrangements on Sustainable Livelihoods and Forest Use in Communal Indigenous Lands in Bolivia\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Tina Bauer, Wageningen University, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, 7555~Kinshasa, DR Congo, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{tina.n.bauer@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Tina Bauer$^{1}$, Verina Ingram$^{2}$, Wil de Jong$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Wageningen University, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, DR Congo}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Wageningen University, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Kyoto University, Center for Integrated Area Studies, Japan}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Bauer, Tina}
\index[author]{Ingram, Verina}
\index[author]{de Jong, Wil}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Secure tenure is considered fundamental for sustainable forest management and for sustainable livelihoods. Tenure can be secured under collective or individual titles, impacts on livelihoods of both types have been debated for decades, yet it remains actual. Since the Agrarian land reform in 1996, indigenous groups in Bolivia can obtain collective land titles, known as Communal Indigenous Lands (TCOs), for a geographical area which they traditionally claim. The reforms aimed to democratize and secure exclusive rights over land and natural resources for its traditional inhabitants. In practice, collective titles are sometimes informally divided in individual parcels. Although these land claims are initially not recognised, the constitutional change in 2009 acknowledges the complementarity of collective and individual rights for those living in a TCO. Only on collective titles forest management plans can be used to access commercial forest products. While individual parcels provide increased agricultural tenure security, they only allow access to forest products for subsistence. This study enhances the understanding of the impact of these different tenure arrangements on livelihoods and forest use.







An adapted PEN household survey was used among 50 households from three different communities in the TCO Tacana, in the Northern La Paz province and descriptive and correlation analyses applied to understand the results. The results suggest that forest income (absolute and relative) is significantly higher under collective, while agricultural and environmental shares under individual management. Income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, is 0.43 for all households and all income types. When the sample was examined according to the two tenure types, households with collective tenure have more equal income distribution (GIC = 0.32) than households with the individual tenure (GIC = 0.46). When income from timber is excluded, the GIC rose to 0.48 for those with collective tenure, and 0.46 for households with individual tenure.







The outcomes suggest that the current legal framework allows collective sustainable forest management to reduce inequality on a community level. Furthermore, it seemed to have a declining effect on the demand for agricultural land and thus may be contributing to reduce local deforestation by avoided slash and burn agriculture.



}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Bolivia, forest use, income distribution, sustainable livelihoods, TCO, tenure
\index[key]{Bolivia}
\index[key]{Forest!use}
\index[key]{Income distribution}
\index[key]{Sustainable!livelihoods}
\index[key]{TCO}
\index[key]{Tenure}
\end{document}
