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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Handling Practices and Incentives for Milk Market Participation in Smallholder and Pastoral Systems in Kenya},pdfauthor={Basole Olivier Kashongwe, Bockline Bebe, Joseph Matofari, Christian Hülsebusch},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Market participation, milk market outlet, pastoral system, smallholder},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Handling Practices and Incentives for Milk Market Participation in Smallholder and Pastoral Systems in Kenya\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Basole Olivier Kashongwe, Egerton University, Dept. of Animal Science, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{okashongwe@yahoo.fr}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Basole Olivier Kashongwe$^{1}$, Bockline Bebe$^{1}$, Joseph Matofari$^{1}$, Christian Hülsebusch$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Egerton University, Dept. of Animal Science, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$German Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture (DITSL), Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Kashongwe, Basole Olivier}
\index[author]{Bebe, Bockline}
\index[author]{Matofari, Joseph}
\index[author]{Hülsebusch, Christian}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
This study determine associations between milk market"=outlets and handling practices and quality of milk sold from pastoral and smallholder herds on testing for   mastitis, spoilage and bacterial load using regression models. Milk handling practices and market outlets were common for the pastoral herds sampled while handling practices were common among the smallholder herds. Non"=food grade plastic containers were predominantly used in smallholder (\mbox{80\,\%}) and pastoral herds (\mbox{100\,\%}) to sell milk to formal markets (collection centres), probably to ease transportation along poor roads. Peri"=urban smallholder herds with better roads and shorter distance to formal market used aluminium churns. Rural farmers who participated in both formal and informal markets had higher daily milk yield (21.95Kg) than those who participated in formal (14.06 Kg) or informal (7.95 Kg) markets only.  This trend was repeated in the n peri"=urban herds where milk production was higher in formal (14.73Kg) than in the formal (11.25Kg) markets participation. Long term advantages such as consistent buying, access to credits, veterinary services and feeds supply, may explain preference of high producing farmers to formal markets. Thus farmers with lower production sell to informal outlets with better immediate prices without long term advantages. In smallholder systems, milk quality tended to be higher for informal than formal outlets. Milk quality in pastoral system was generally lower than in smallholder probably because of insufficient water access forces them not to follow recommended hygienic milking and handling practices. Milk price less than KES 28 negatively influenced participation to formal market ($p = 0.032$). Milk delivery at collection centre and farm gate was negatively associated with participation in formal markets ($p < 0.001$), probably because of a check off system for paying transport costs. Farmers do not apply better practices when selling milk to formal market probably because access conditions are not based on quality. Reinforcing milk quality testing at collection is recommended. Higher milk yield and prices will encourage formal markets participation.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Market participation, milk market outlet, pastoral system, smallholder
\index[key]{Market!participation}
\index[key]{Milk market outlet}
\index[key]{Pastoral system}
\index[key]{Smallholder}
\end{document}
