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\hypersetup{pdftitle={How Does Community Forestry Contribute to Sustainable Livelihoods? A Comparative Sociocultural Study of Community Forestry in Nicaragua and Guatemala},pdfauthor={Irune Peñagaricano, Bernhard Freyer, Jim Bingen, Laura Snook, Maria Fernandez},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Collaborative learning community, community engagement, community forestry (management), social acceptability, sustainable livelihood approach},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{How Does Community Forestry Contribute to Sustainable Livelihoods? A Comparative Sociocultural Study of Community Forestry in Nicaragua and Guatemala\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Irune Peñagaricano, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Division of Organic Farming, Vienna, Austria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{irune.penagaricano@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Irune Peñagaricano$^{1}$, Bern\-hard Fre\-yer$^{2}$, Jim Bingen$^{3}$, Laura Snook$^{4}$, Maria Fernandez$^{5}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Division of Organic Farming, Austria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Division of Organic Farming, Austria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Michigan State University, Dept. of Community Sustainability, United States of America}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Bioversity International, Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Italy}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{5}$Bioversity International, Forest Genetic Resources, Italy}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Peñagaricano, Irune}
\index[author]{Fre\-yer, Bern\-hard}
\index[author]{Bingen, Jim}
\index[author]{Snook, Laura}
\index[author]{Fernandez, Maria}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In Guatemala and Nicaragua community forest enterprises (CFEs) were established in the late 1990s to increase living standards and a more sustainable use of natural resources. Community forestry initiatives confront several critical questions, e.g.: What are CFEs contributions to livelihoods? Do they contribute to covering basic needs --- food quality and security, water, school fees, health services, etc. --- ? Are the needs of women and the youth considered? Is access to natural resources equitable?   



We analysed community forestry (CF) with CFEs, --- two in the Maya Biosphere Reserve in Petén, Guatemala and two in the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region of Nicaragua (RACCN) ---. We used an extended Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) to evaluate the community organisations and the CFE impact on livelihoods as well as studying the social acceptability of community forestry governance and their living conditions. We applied a wide range of qualitative methods (group discussions, interviews and informal conversations), working together with stakeholders in `collaborative learning communities'. Findings were structured and analysed using systems analysis and the SLA. 



In RACCN, CF is consolidating locals' identity with land tenure and indigenous peoples' and afro"=descendants' rights to a territory, although major external pressure hinders a proper control of the legislation. In Petén access to benefits from management of forest areas is legislated through concessions. In both areas local tradition and culture is related to sustainable use forest resources. Agriculture is considered for subsistence rather than profit in Petén, while in the RACCN some income is generated through small scale agriculture. Invasion by settlers and other external interventions (e.g. cattle ranches, industrial projects and political interests) endanger locals' access to natural resources. CF and CFEs are in different stages, but similar challenges were identified, among others: gender and intergenerational balance in participation and transparency in decision making; secure income; product diversification; availability of employment through CFEs; legislation on and protection of land use and tenure. While in Guatemala second"=tier organisations and local and international NGOs are helping to overcome these obstacles, in Nicaragua the lack of a unified support network slows down collective action for improvement of CFs. 



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Collaborative learning community, community engagement, community forestry (management), social acceptability, sustainable livelihood approach
\index[key]{Collaborative learning community}
\index[key]{Community!engagement}
\index[key]{Community!forestry (management)}
\index[key]{Social!acceptability}
\index[key]{Sustainable!livelihood approach}
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