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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Sustainable Milk and Beef Production in Nicaragua: Actions and Opportunities for an Inclusive Value Chain},pdfauthor={Rein van der Hoek, Martín Mena, Roldan Corrales, Maria Alejandra Mora, Julie Ojango},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Dual-purpose cattle, genetic improvement, Nicaragua, value chain},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Sustainable Milk and Beef Production in Nicaragua: Actions and Opportunities for an Inclusive Value Chain\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Rein van der Hoek, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Central America, Managua, Nicaragua, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{r.vanderhoek@cgiar.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Rein van der Hoek$^{1}$, Martín Mena$^{1}$, Roldan Corrales$^{2}$, Maria Alejandra Mora$^{1}$, Julie Ojango$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Nicaragua}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$National Agrarian University (UNA), Integral Systems of Animal Production, Nicaragua}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{van der Hoek, Rein}
\index[author]{Mena, Martín}
\index[author]{Corrales, Roldan}
\index[author]{Mora, Maria Alejandra}
\index[author]{Ojango, Julie}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In Nicaragua the cattle sector accounts for \mbox{36\,\%} of agricultural exports and presents an important opportunity for smallholder farmer livelihoods. Current extensive dual"=purpose (milk and beef) cattle production leads to soil degradation, deforestation, high levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of product, and a shift of the agricultural frontier towards the vulnerable Caribbean region. The CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish is implementing activities to make the dual"=purpose cattle value chain more efficient, competitive and inclusive, with a specific focus on gender equality. 
Feed and forages work has improved the productivity of forage"=based livestock production (up to \mbox{100\,\%} in terms of kg milk/ha), increased carbon accumulation and at the same time reduced its ecological footprint (by over \mbox{50\,\%} in terms of GHG emissions per unit of product) as part of LivestockPlus. This concept addresses sustainable intensification in three ways: socioeconomic -- market opportunities and policy application; ecological -- improved farm and natural resource management practices; and genetic -- improved forage cultivars. 
Work on genetic improvement of cattle has included establishing an information, input, and service data platform linked to breed improvement in a wider farm"=household context. It involves continuous monitoring and assessment of the performance of the predominant breed"=types reared by 155 farmers in central Nicaragua as an initial step towards informing development of breeding strategies for dual purpose cattle in mixed farming systems. In collaboration with a farmers cooperative, capacity development in Farmer Field Schools and  on"=farm research involving 1000 farmers has resulted in increased productivity (milk by \mbox{40\,\%}, liveweight by \mbox{70\,\%}), income (by \mbox{20\,\%}) and natural resource integrity (establishment of 4,\mbox{000\,ha} of silvopastoral systems). Strategic alliances have been developed between value chain actors (farmers' organisations, NGOs, research, private sector with a focus on value addition to livestock products while increasing gender equity.
 In general, however, adoption of improved technologies and practices is still low. There is therefore a strong need for an increased policy incidence on sustainable livestock development and incentive mechanisms for farmers and other value chain actors, including certification of sustainable livestock products.



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Dual"=purpose cattle, genetic improvement, Nicaragua, value chain
\index[key]{Dual"=purpose cattle}
\index[key]{Genetic improvement}
\index[key]{Nicaragua}
\index[key]{Value!chain}
\end{document}
