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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Nutritional Quality, Methane Emissions and Animal Productivity of Pasture"=based Systems in the Llanos of Colombia},pdfauthor={Jhon Freddy Gutierrez Solis, Isabel Molina, Johanna Mazabel, Paola Pardo, Michael Peters, Idupulapati Rao, John  Miles, Ngonidzashe  Chirinda, Jacobo Arango},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Cattle, greenhouse gases, in vitro fermentation, livestock systems, tropical forages},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Nutritional Quality, Methane Emissions and Animal Productivity of Pasture"=based Systems in the Llanos of Colombia\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Jacobo Arango, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Tropical Forages, A A 6713, NA~Cali, Colombia, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{j.arango@cgiar.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Jhon Freddy Gutierrez Solis, Isabel Molina, Johanna Mazabel, Paola Pardo, Michael Peters, Idupulapati Rao, John  Miles, Ngonidzashe  Chirinda, Jacobo Arango}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia}}}
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\index[author]{Gutierrez Solis, Jhon Freddy}
\index[author]{Molina, Isabel}
\index[author]{Mazabel, Johanna}
\index[author]{Pardo, Paola}
\index[author]{Peters, Michael}
\index[author]{Rao, Idupulapati}
\index[author]{Miles, John }
\index[author]{Chirinda, Ngonidzashe }
\index[author]{Arango, Jacobo}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Livestock systems in the tropics are characterised by extensive management, consisting of native/naturalized pastures (native savannah) of low productivity and nutritional quality resulting in low animal live weight gain. In addition, this low forage quality can impact the enteric fermentation process causing large methane (CH$_{4}^{}$) emissions. To assess the existing forage"=based production systems in the Llanos region of Colombia (Casanare Department, 2016), six farms, representing different edaphoclimatic environments in the region, were selected. On each farm, forage yield, forage quality and animal productivity were measured from three different pasture systems: improved pastures (\textit{Brachiaria humidicola} and \textit{Megathyrsus maximus}) (IP), improved pastures with scattered trees (\textit{B.~humidicola}, \textit{B decumbens} and \textit{M. maximus} in combination with \textit{Acacia mangium} and \textit{Anadenanthera peregrina} trees) (IPT) and native savannah (\textit{Axonopus purpusii}) (NS). Measurements taken included; nutritional content of forages, \textit{in~vivo} dry matter digestibility, \textit{in~vitro} gas production followed by CH$_{4}^{}$ quantification. The data were analysed with the PROC GML of SAS\textregistered{} statistical software. Mean forage biomass production for IP and IPT systems was similar (1.9 Mg DM$^{-1}$ha$^{-1}$) while for NS system mean production was 0.3 Mg DM$^{-1}$ha$^{-1}$. The mean crude protein content ranged between 5.5 and \mbox{6.2\,\%} and the neutral detergent fiber content averaged about \mbox{75\,\%} among treatments. Mean animal productivity, measured as kg of live weight gain was 46, 32 and -7.7 kg$^{-1}$ha$^{-1}$yr$^{-1}$ for IPT, IP systems and NS system respectively. The total net volume of gas accumulated after 48h of incubation was 173, 163 and 123ml resulting in dry mater degradation percentages of 57, 54 and \mbox{42\,\%} for IP, IPT and NS systems respectively ($p=0.001$). Additionally, the percentages of gross energy transformed to CH$_{4}^{}$ (Ym) were 3.5 for IP and IPT and 4 for NS system ($p = 0.007$). The low animal productivity observed could be due to low forage productivity and nutritional quality together with substantial energy loss in the form of CH$_{4}^{}$. These results indicate a positive effect of the IPT system on both animal productivity and forage digestibility, supporting the use of improved pastures in combination with scattered trees as a means of sustainable intensification of livestock production systems in the region.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Cattle, greenhouse gases, \textit{in~vitro} fermentation, livestock systems, tropical forages
\index[key]{Cattle}
\index[key]{Greenhouse gases}
\index[key]{\textit{In~vitro} fermentation}
\index[key]{Livestock!systems}
\index[key]{Tropical forages}
\end{document}
