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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Economicanalysis of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Production in Dongola Locality --- Northern State"=sudan},pdfauthor={Abubakr Elhori, Alsir Darbi, Mutasim Mekki},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Costs of production, fennel, production function, socio-economic characteristics},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Economicanalysis of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Production in Dongola Locality --- Northern State"=sudan\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Abubakr Elhori, University of Dongola-sudan, Agricultural Economics, Omdurman Althora, 00249~Khartoum, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{abubakerelhouri@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Abubakr Elhori$^{1}$, Alsir Darbi$^{2}$, Mutasim Mekki$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Dongola-sudan, Agricultural Economics, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Dongola-sudan, Agricultural Economics, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Sudan University of Science and Technology, Agricultural Economics, }}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Elhori, Abubakr}
\index[author]{Darbi, Alsir}
\index[author]{Mekki, Mutasim}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The objective of this study was to analyse the economics of fennel production in Dongloa Locality, Sudan, through examining the socio"=economic characteristics of fennel"=producers, investigating fennel costs, returns and profits and derive fennel's production function. A multi"=stage stratified purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from 120 respondents by means of questionnaire during 2009/10 season. Descriptive statistics, gross margin and regression analysis techniques were used to reach the stated objectives. Results of the farmer's age revealed that, almost all fennel producers, in Dongola locality, were in the active age group (\mbox{70\,\%}). The majority (\mbox{64.70\,\%}) of the fennel producers had low education level or illiterate, although, farmers in the locality were highly experienced in agricultural activities (more than 10 years), but it seemed that farmers' experiences were based on traditional technology rather than on modern one. The majority of the farmers in the locality were married (\mbox{65.8\,\%}) with big family, with an average of 1--5 members. Large family members help farmers in the practical agricultural operations. Taxes represented the main cost item contributing substantially to the total costs \mbox{27.2\,\%}. Irrigation costs was the second item that contributed significantly to the total costs \mbox{16.8\,\%}. This particularly true if known that almost all agricultural schemes in the Northern State are irrigated by pumps from the Nile and/or well. Farmers usually try to minimise the irrigation costs (such as: fuel, pump maintenance, labour, and oil) to an acceptable level through reducing the watering numbers by one from the released packages, Farmers in the study area used their inputs in inefficient manners. All inputs used were significantly less than the proper quantities, even though, farmers gained encouraging profits. Many factors were responsible for the reductions of the used inputs, among them were: expensive inputs, lack of enough funds, poor extension services ...etc. There is a great potential for improving farmers productivity/profitability if certain measures were carefully adopted. These measures revolve around improving the technical knowhow of the farmers (strengthening of extension services), their access microfinance and reducing farmers' costs (electrification of agricultural schemes, provision of subsidised agricultural inputs and removing and/or reducing taxes).}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Costs of production, fennel, production function, socio"=economic characteristics
\index[key]{Costs of production}
\index[key]{Fennel}
\index[key]{Production function}
\index[key]{Socio"=economic characteristics}
\end{document}
