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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Conservation Status of Simien Mountains National Park; Threats and Opportunities},pdfauthor={Habtamu Assaye Deffersha, Zerihun Asirat Kote},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Conservation, Opportunities, SMNP, Status, Threats },pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Conservation Status of Simien Mountains National Park; Threats and Opportunities\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Habtamu Assaye Deffersha, Bahir Dar University, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Zenzelima, 251~Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{habtamuasaye@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Habtamu Assaye Deffersha$^{1}$, Zerihun Asirat Kote$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Bahir Dar University, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Ethiopia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Hawassa University, Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, School of Forestry, }}}
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\index[author]{Deffersha, Habtamu Assaye}
\index[author]{Kote, Zerihun Asirat}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Simien Mountains National Park (SMNP) is one of the biodiversity hotspot areas in Ethiopia where biodiversity conservation takes a prominent priority. Within the 412 sq. km. span, there are different ecological settings and vegetation zones ranging from \mbox{1500\,m} a.s.l. to \mbox{4550\,m} a.s.l.  There are three distinctive vegetation zones (Afro"=alpine grassland, afro"=alpine woodland and afro"=montane forest. The park has more than 550 plant species of which about 12 are endemic. Among the famous endemic mammals of Ethiopia, Walia ibex (Capra ibex walie), Chillada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) and Simien Wolf (Canis simiensis) are found in the park. Assessment of conservation benefits of the park, drivers of deforestation and ecosystem degradation were made and strategic options for climate change mitigation and adaptation were indicated. Growth of human and livestock population are underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation, while agricultural expansion, fuel wood collection and grazing are the proximate causes. The afro"=montane forest and afro"=alpine zones of the park are shrinking at a rate of \mbox{73\,ha} and \mbox{251\,ha} annually respectively. On the contrary cultivated and over grazed areas have increased at the expense of the forest and woodlands. This has resulted in reduction and degradation of habitats as well as the resource base and production potential of the park. Unsustainable land management practices exacerbated by climate change have resulted expansion of degraded areas threatening the livelihood of the people that live inside and adjacent areas, as well as the ecosystem services of the park and existence of some of the endangered species which make the park their lasting destination. Shifting of ecological ranges of wild animals have evidenced that the park is already threatened by the impacts of climate change. \textit{In~situ} and ex"=situ conservation of the endangered species and improvement of park management capacity and fulfiling sufficient resources is inevitable if the park has to remain one of the UNESCO world heritage site.  }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Conservation, Opportunities, SMNP, Status, Threats 
\index[key]{Conservation}
\index[key]{Opportunities}
\index[key]{SMNP}
\index[key]{Status}
\index[key]{Threats }
\end{document}
